Proto-Hick Lexicon

Basic Vocabulary

*heru : action : Note: Source of Early Hick ‘ir and verbalizer suffix -‘er

*taku : strike, impact : Note: Onomatopoeic origin. Source of Early Hick tak

*xasamu: rest, resting place: Note: Source of Early Hick asam and subessive case marker -asam

*baha : rhythmic head motion : Note: Source of Early Hick ba “nod, agree”

*haka: what: Note: Basic question root, shows archaic animacy marking. Source of Early Hick ‘aka

*hi-halu: good, kind: Note: Shows animacy prefix *hi-. Source of Early Hick ‘il

*venu : yoke, burden : Note: Source of Early Hick ven and vin “pregnancy”

*storu: grow; and: Note: Source of Early Hick ru “and” through grammaticalization

*takutaku: rhythm: Note: Onomatopoeic reduplication. Source of Early Hick takutak

Flora & Fauna

*risu : reed : Note: Source of Early Hick ris

*wudu : wood, tree : Note: Source of Early Hick wud

*grasu : grass : Note: Source of Early Hick gras

*sedu : seed : Note: Source of Early Hick sed

*kelu : leaf : Note: Source of Early Hick kel

*bahu lu-haranu: branch: Note: Literally “split from father”. Source of Early Hick bran

*hasa : vine : Note: Source of Early Hick asa

*wenu : flower : Note: Source of Early Hick wen

Body Parts

*tagu : hand : Note: Source of Early Hick tag

*melisu : heart : Note: Source of Early Hick mes

*daluku : stomach, gut : Note: Source of Early Hick dak

*piru : ear : Note: Source of Early Hick pir

*karu : nose : Note: Source of Early Hick kar

*kraku : tooth : Note: Source of Early Hick krak

*kunu : knee : Note: Source of Early Hick kun

*sulu : liver : Note: Source of Early Hick sul

*kolu : neck : Note: Source of Early Hick kol

*retu : arm : Note: Source of Early Hick ret

*tarasaku : leg : Note: Source of Early Hick trask

*waka : breast : Note: Source of Early Hick wak

Numbers and Counting

*senu : one : Note: Source of Early Hick sin

*tiru : two : Note: Source of Early Hick tir

*thalu : three : Note: Source of Early Hick thal

*xanu-inu : four : Note: Source of Early Hick anin. Shows counting form suffix

*pilu : five : Note: Source of Early Hick pil

*seku : six : Note: Source of Early Hick sek

*pran-inu : seven : Note: Source of Early Hick pran. Shows counting form suffix

*kresu : eight : Note: Source of Early Hick kres

*sin-kresu : nine : Note: Source of Early Hick sinkres. Literally “one-eight”

*tir-kresu : ten : Note: Source of Early Hick tirkres. Literally “two-eight”

*kethu : hundred : Note: Source of Early Hick keth

*thran-inu: thousand: Note: Source of Early Hick thran. Shows counting form suffix

Kinship Terms

*bahu : father : Note: Source of Early Hick ba

*nahi : mother : Note: Source of Early Hick nai

*meru: parent: Note: Source of Early Hick mer. Shows metaphorical extension from bird terminology

*li-su : child : Note: Source of Early Hick lis. Literally “little one”

Natural Elements

*brisu: heat, fire: Note: Source of Early Hick bris. Forms compounds for passion/emotion and temperature terms

*miru : cold : Note: Source of Early Hick mir. Forms temperature terms

*ai : water : Note: Source of Early Hick ai. Maintains form in compounds

*haru: air, sky: Note: Source of Early Hick thir. Shows semantic extension to “elder”

*gralu : earth, soil : Note: Source of Early Hick gral. Forms sacred compounds

Demonstratives

*‘isa : this (proximal-visible-animate) : Note: Source of Early Hick -‘is

*isa : this (proximal-visible-inanimate) : Note: Source of Early Hick -is

*tana : that (medial-visible-animate) : Note: Source of Early Hick -tan

*ena : that (medial-visible-inanimate) : Note: Source of Early Hick -en

*etha : that (medial-hidden-animate) : Note: Source of Early Hick -eth

*thira : that (medial-hidden-inanimate) : Note: Source of Early Hick -thir

*uma : that (distal-animate) : Note: Source of Early Hick -um

*urum : that (distal-inanimate) : Note: Source of Early Hick -rum

Emotional and Mental Terms

*hibrisu : fire, passion : Note: Source of Early Hick sibris “romantic love”

*meru-risu: heart-towards: Note: Source of Early Hick meris “unconditional love”

*daluku-isa-hihasa: snake-in-vine: Note: Source of Early Hick dakisa “infatuation”. Shows metaphorical extension

*hi-meru: good-heart: Note: Source of Early Hick ‘imer “life”. Shows animacy prefix

Derivational Elements

*toru: great (augmentative): Note: Source of Early Hick tor-. Forms compounds for large entities

*lisu: small (diminutive): Note: Source of Early Hick li-. Forms compounds for small entities

*kasa: like, similar to: Note: Source of Early Hick ka-. Develops into general adjectivizer

*oku : agent, doer : Note: Source of Early Hick -ok. Forms agent nouns

Sacred and Ritual Terms

*thralu: sacred, holy; day, sacred time: Note: Source of Early Hick thral. Forms compounds for ritual spaces and ritual periods

*kulu: magic, supernatural power: Note: Source of Early Hick kul. Used in ritual contexts

*hi-meru-thiru: good-heart-air: Note: Source of Early Hick ‘imerithir “spirit”. Shows animacy prefix and compound formation

Negative Terms

*‘imru: evil, abstract negativity: Note: Source of Early Hick im. Forms compounds for harmful concepts

*hi-muru: evil force (animate): Note: Source of Early Hick ‘imur. Shows animacy prefix

*imur-malu: evil-pool: Note: Source of Early Hick imurmal “cursed waters”. Shows compound formation

Tactile Properties

*kasa-garu: stone-like: Note: Source of Early Hick kagar “hard”. Shows similative formation

*kasa-waka: breast-like: Note: Source of Early Hick kawak “soft”. Shows cultural metaphor

Action Terms

*haranu: split, divide: Note: Source of Early Hick haran. Shows regular final vowel loss

*wardu: direct, guide: Note: Source of Early Hick ward. Forms compounds for travel terms

*gnaru : correct : Note: Source of Early Hick gnar

*etilu: thing: Note: Source of Early Hick etil. Basic term for inanimate objects

*xaru : cut : Note: Source of Early Hick ar. Shows initial fricative loss

*xaru-uma: cut-towards: Note: Source of Early Hick arum “sketch, draw” through semantic extension

*heru-lumuru: act-empty: Note: Source of Early Hick ‘irur “hollow” through compound fusion

*heru lu xiru: move through ore: Note: Source of Early Hick ‘ihir “mine”. Shows development of mining terminology

Motion Terms

*baraku : walking, gait : Note: Source of Early Hick barak

*senu: float: Note: Source of Early Hick sin. Forms compounds for aerial motion. Distinct from numeral *senu “one” (polysemy / homophony; same Early Hick shape)

*paru-heru: belly-motion: Note: Source of Early Hick par “crawl” through compound reduction

Speech and Sound Terms

*bresu-belu : shout-mouth : Note: Source of Early Hick bresubel “shout, yell”

*‘uhu-‘uhu: cry (onomatopoeic): Note: Source of Early Hick ‘u’u. Shows reduplication pattern

Maritime and Water Terms

*mater: boat: Note: Source of Early Hick mater and compounds like materok “boatman”

*malu: pool, standing water: Note: Source of Early Hick mal. Forms compounds for water features

Learning Terms

*hilisu: sight, knowledge: Note: Source of Early Hick hilis/ilis. Shows dialectal variation

Position Terms

*hi-reku: stand, firmness: Note: Source of Early Hick ‘irek “stand, firmness”. Shows animacy prefix

Construction Terms

*venu-wudu: burden-wood: Note: Source of Early Hick vinud “building, dwelling”

Animal Terms

*muru-meru / *murmer: night-bird, owl: Note: Source of Early Hick murmer. Reduplication pattern; variant shapes, owl as specific sense

*saku : wolf : Note: Source of Early Hick sak

*graparu : worm : Note: Source of Early Hick grapar

Morphology and Compound Elements

*ma-: plural marker: Note: Source of Early Hick ma-. Develops into collective marker

*hi-: animacy prefix: Note: Source of Early Hick glottal stop (’). Marks animate beings

*lu: genitive marker: Note: Source of Early Hick possessive constructions. Shows grammaticalization

*-isu : locative suffix : Note: Source of Early Hick -is. Forms place terms

*-inu: counting form suffix: Note: Source of Early Hick -in. Used in number formation

*-asa: perlative case: Note: Source of Early Hick -as. Used in motion compounds

*-itar: superessive case: Note: Source of Early Hick -itar. Used in position terms

*-las: illative case: Note: Source of Early Hick -las. Used in motion compounds

*-imris: ellative case: Note: Source of Early Hick -imris. Used in motion compounds

Compound Terms

*hi-etilu: animate-thing: Note: Source of Early Hick ‘etil “living thing”. Shows animacy prefix

*venu-sedu: burden-seed: Note: Source of Early Hick vinused “pregnancy” in inland dialects

*telu-himeru: end-life: Note: Source of Early Hick temer “death” through compound reduction

Person Terms

*‘alu : person : Note: Source of Early Hick ‘al. Shows animacy prefix retention