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Early Hick Lexicon — by semantic field (page 2 of 13)

Art Terms

'irurtak /ʔi.rur.tak/: cave art (noun) — Refers specifically to ritual or sacred cave paintings and markings [Sacred Terms, Art Terms, Cultural Terms]; Compound of sacred cave term with marking/impact

Artistic Terms

arum /a.rum/: sketch; draw (noun) [Tool/Craft Terms, Artistic Terms]; Shows semantic extension from physical cutting to artistic marking

Basic Actions

krantak /kran.tak/: to pierce, stab (verb, noun) [Basic Actions, Weapon Terms]; physical pain (verb, noun) [Body Terms, Physical States]; Shows instrumental compound formation - striking with a spike

tag /tag/: hand (noun) [Body Parts, Basic Actions]; Proto-Hick *tagu; Forms verb tag'er 'to make'

tag'er /tag.ʔer/: to make, to craft (verb) [Basic Actions, Body Parts]; Shows concrete development from manual action to general creation. Contrasts with abstract 'ir'er 'to do'.

wak'eth /wak.ʔeθ/: to nurse (verb) [Body Parts, Basic Actions]

Basic Terms

'al /ʔal/: person (noun) [Person Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick hi- + *ʔalu; From animacy marker + basic person term

'ibris'er /ʔi.bris.ʔer/: to burn (verb) [Basic Terms, Elemental Terms, Fire Terms]; Base form for metaphorical extensions to passion and anger

'il /ʔil/: good, kind (noun) [Basic Terms, Sacred Terms]; Proto-Hick *hi-halu; Shows archaic animacy marking through glottal prefix

'ir /ʔir/: movement, motion (noun) [Motion Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *heru; Source of verbalizer suffix -'er through grammaticalization

'irek /ʔi.rek/: stand, firmness (noun) [Basic Terms, Position Terms, Action Terms]; Proto-Hick *hi-reku; Shows archaic animacy marking through glottal prefix

aniko /a.ni.ko/: animal (general term) (noun) [Animals, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *xani-kostu; Shows semantic extension from descriptive 'four-legged' to general term for animal

ar /ar/: cut, cutting action (noun) [Action Terms, Tool Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *xaru

asam /a.səm/: rest, resting place (noun) — Source of subessive case marker -asam through grammaticalization [Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *xasamu

asamitar /a.sa.mi.tar/: to sit, rest upon (verb) [Position Terms, Stance Actions, Basic Terms]; From asam "rest, resting place" with superessive case, literally "rest upon". Shows common pattern of case suffixes becoming lexicalized into verbs

bedek /be.dek/: tongue (noun) [Body Parts, Basic Terms]; Metaphorical compound

brast /brast/: dominant arm (noun) [Body Parts, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *bara-satu; Specifically refers to dominant arm, contrasting with ret "arm (general)". Forms verb brast'er "to reach". Cultural link to tak "right (direction)"

brastran /bras.tran/: foot (unit of length, approximately arm-length) (noun) [Measurement Terms, Basic Terms]; Shows development of -ran as measurement suffix from *haranu 'length'

bres /bres/: wind (noun) [Weather Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *bresu

bris /bris/: heat (noun) [Elements, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *brisu; Basic term for heat/warmth

dak /dak/: snake (noun) [Animal Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *daluku; From root meaning "slither", forms verb dak'er "to slither"

dorren /dor.ren/: pack deer (noun) [Animal Terms, Basic Terms]; Descriptive compound based on behavior

duwes /du.wes/: food, nourishment (noun) — Basic term for both food and eating [Food & Consumption Terms, Basic Terms]; Semantic extension from 'meat-container' to general 'food'

duwesimris /du.we.sim.ris/: feed (verb) [Food Terms, Basic Terms]; Derived from "duwes" (food) with the ellative case, indicating the act of providing food

eltek /el.tek/: compacted, condensed (especially of soil) (adjective) [Basic Terms, Earth Terms]; shaped from loose material (adjective) [Basic Terms, Earth Terms]; Proto-Hick *ʔelu-taku; From phrase 'grale ʔelu taku' (soil together hit). Shows development from physical action to resultant state

etil /e.til/: thing (noun) [Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *etilu

ewes /e.wes/: together with; together (lexinfo:Adposition) — Functions both as pre-absolutive adverbial marker and independent lexical item [Basic Terms, Grammatical Terms]; Proto-Hick *ʔelu-lawes; From instrumental *ʔelu "by means of" + *lawes "consume", showing semantic development from "consuming with" to general accompaniment

gasam /ga.sam/: grinding (noun) — Forms the base for specialized grinding terms [Tool Terms, Basic Terms]; Literally "under rock," referring to the action of grinding

ger /ger/: metal (noun) [Metals, Material Culture, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *kuru-garu

gnar /gnar/: correct (noun) [Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *gnaru

gnater /gna.ter/: desire (verb) [Mental Terms, Emotional Terms, Basic Terms]

gra /gra/: grey (adjective) — Lost other meanings by Early Hick, making ka- prefix unnecessary [Colors, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *grau; Shows vowel sequence simplification

gras /gras/: grass (noun) [Plant Terms]; grass (noun) [Plant Terms, Natural World, Pastoral Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *grasu

hilis /hi.lis/: sight, active vision (noun) [Perception Terms, Action Terms, Basic Terms]; sight, active vision (noun) [Perception Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *hilisu; Forms two contrasting verbs: hilis'er (active looking) vs his'er (passive seeing)

his /his/: sight (animate/conscious perception) (noun, verb) [Perception, Sacred, Abstract Concepts]; to see (passive/unintentional perception) (noun, verb) [Perception Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *hi-lisu

impal /im.pal/: weakness, frailty (noun) [Body Parts, Basic Terms]; Source of adjective kaimpal "weak". Shows metaphorical extension of belly/gut health to general strength

imtirduok /im.tir.du.ok/: scavenger (noun) — Applies to both animals and birds [Animal Terms, Basic Terms]; Shows formation pattern of "carrion-eater" common across languages

iskel /is.kel/: window (noun) [Architecture, Basic Terms]; Basic architectural term

kabran /ka.bran/: crooked, leaning (adjective) — Forms common expression kabran 'irek'er 'to lean' (lit. 'stand crookedly') [Position Terms, Basic Terms]; From metaphorical extension of branch growth patterns

kagar /ka.gar/: hard (adjective) [Tactile Properties, Basic Terms]

kagral /ka.gral/: earthy, brown (adjective) [Colors, Basic Terms]

kaimpal /ka.im.pal/: weak, feeble (adjective) [Physical States, Basic Terms]; Shows metaphorical extension of belly/gut health to general strength

kaken /ka.ken/: snowy, snow-covered (adjective) [Weather Terms, Basic Terms]; Shows typical adjectival reduplication pattern

kames /ka.mes/: emotional (adjective) [Emotional Terms, Basic Terms]

kapal /ka.pal/: strong, vigorous (adjective) — Contrasts with kaimpal 'weak'. Forms compounds like kapaltak 'strong-strike' [Physical States, Basic Terms]; Shows metaphorical extension of belly/gut health to general strength

kasul /ka.sul/: energetic (adjective) [Physical States, Basic Terms]

kator /ka.tor/: massive, heavy (adjective) [Size Terms, Basic Terms]

ken /ken/: snow (noun) [Weather Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *kenu

kranren /kran.ren/: antlered deer (noun) [Animals, Basic Terms]

kras'er /kras.ʔer/: to be bitter (verb) [Taste Terms, Basic Terms]

li /li/: diminutive prefix: small, lesser, young (lexinfo:Prefix) — Highly productive prefix forming diminutives and terms for smaller/lesser versions [Size Terms, Basic Terms, Derivational Morphology]; Proto-Hick *li; Ancient diminutive marker, preserved in many compounds

limel /li.mel/: slightly sweet (adjective) [Taste Terms, Basic Terms]

litil /li.til/: small thing (noun) [Size Terms, Basic Terms]

mel'er /mel.ʔer/: to be sweet (verb) [Taste Terms, Basic Terms]

meris /me.ris/: enduring love (noun) — Contrasts with fleeting emotions [Emotional Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *meru-risu

mir /mir/: cold (noun) [Weather Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *miru

mirik /mi.rik/: ice (noun) [Weather Terms, Basic Terms, States of Matter]; Proto-Hick *mirikrakhar; Shows semantic development from 'biting cold' to 'ice'

momer /mo.mer/: chicken (noun) [Animals, Basic Terms]; Shows semantic development where negated 'bird' specifies flightless bird

pak /pak/: poke (noun) [Tool Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *paku

paket /pa.ket/: talk (noun) [Communication Terms, Basic Terms, Social Terms]; Proto-Hick *pakata

pakupak /ˈpa.ku.pək/: tickle (noun) [Basic Terms, Physical Sensation]; Proto-Hick *pakupaku

pal /pal/: belly, center (noun) [Body Parts, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *palu

pel /pel/: bear (noun) [Animal Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *pelu

pil /pil/: five (noun) [Number Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *pilu; basic form

pirlas'er /pir.las.ʔer/: to hear (verb) — Passive perception verb using illative to mark reception of sound. Contrasts with active pir'er 'listen' [Perception Terms, Basic Terms]

pran /pran/: seven (noun) [Number Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *pran-inu; counting form

stor /stor/: growth (noun) [Basic Terms]; addition, increment (noun) — Mathematical sense developed from basic meaning 'growth' [Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *storu; Base form preserved in sacred terms

tak /tak/: strike, impact (noun) [Basic Terms]; touch, contact (noun) [Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *taku; Onomatopoeic origin

takuter /ta.ku.ter/: harmony, attunement (noun) [Basic Terms, Sacred Terms]; Shows reduction of reduplicated base through compound simplification

tal /tal/: place, location (noun) — Forms many location compounds [Spatial Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *halu; Borrowed from Pre-Hick dialect where spatial meaning developed

temerok /te.me.rok/: killer, murderer (noun) [Basic Terms, Social Terms]; predator (noun) [Animal Terms, Basic Terms]; Shows metaphorical formation 'death-bringer' for both human killers and predatory animals

ter /ter/: flow, fluid motion (noun) [Basic Terms, Motion Terms]; Proto-Hick *teru

ul /ul/: thumb (noun) [Body Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *ʔulu; Original root (~800 PF) had meanings 'thumb/grasp/possession'. By Late Proto-Hick (~400 PF), bare form specialized to 'thumb/possession'. Source of possessive suffix -ul through grammaticalization.

uran /u.rən/: inch (unit of length, approximately thumb-width) (noun) [Measurement Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *ulu-haranu; Shows development of measurement system from body parts

us /us/: grasp, possession (noun) [Basic Terms, Action Terms]; Proto-Hick *ʔulu-isu; Developed from locative form of *ʔulu (~400 PF) specializing in 'grasp' meaning

ven /ven/: yoke, burden (noun) [Basic Terms, Tool Terms]; Proto-Hick *venu; Reintroduced from dialect after original *venu developed into vin

vinud /vi.nud/: building, dwelling (noun) [Structure Terms, Settlement Terms, Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *venu-wudu; Semantic shift from 'wood structure' to 'dwelling'

wad /wad/: path (noun) [Basic Terms]; way, manner (noun) — Extended metaphorical meaning [Sacred, Philosophical Terms, Abstract Concepts]; Proto-Hick *wadu

ward /ward/: direction, guidance (noun) — Base nominal form [Basic Terms, Sacred]; Proto-Hick *wardu

wes /wes/: cover, enclose (noun) [Basic Terms]; Proto-Hick *wesu