Early Hick Lexicon, By Field

The Early Hick lexicon, as attested, consists of mostly noun forms. These nouns can represent a wide range of meanings, including actions, properties, or relationships, which are traditionally the domain of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in other languages.

For grammatical information and language overview, see Early Hick.

Historical Sound Changes

For Proto-Hick vowel harmony and its development into Early Hick, : see: Proto-Hick Phonological Processes

For stress-related vowel changes, : see: Vowel Allophony

Usage Notes

1. Cross-references are marked with →
2. Etymologies are shown in parentheses
3. Compound derivations are marked with <
4. Example sentences show full morphological analysis
5. Apostrophes (’) are used to transcribe glottal stops in phonemic transcriptions

Semantic Fields Reference

• Abstract Concepts
• Abstract Terms
• Action Terms
• Action Verbs
• Agricultural Terms
• Animal Terms
• Animals
• Architecture
• Art Terms
• Artistic Terms
• Basic Actions
• Basic Terms
• Bird Terms
• Bodily Functions
• Body Actions
• Body Parts
• Body States
• Body Terms
• Borrowed Terms
• Building Terms
• Case System
• Celestial Bodies
• Celestial Terms
• Character Terms
• Climate Terms
• Color Terms
• Colors
• Common Phrases
• Communication Terms
• Conflict Terms
• Conjunction
• Construction Terms
• Craft Terms
• Criminal Terms
• Cultivated Plants
• Cultural Terms
• Death Terms
• Demonstratives
• Derivational Morphology
• Destructive Actions
• Diplomatic Terms
• Directional Terms
• Distal
• Distance Terms
• Domestic Animals
• Drink Terms
• Earth Terms
• Eldrim Terms
• Elemental Terms
• Elements
• Emotion Terms
• Emotional Terms
• Family Terms
• Fauna
• Fire Terms
• Fish Terms
• Flora Terms
• Flora
• Flower Names
• Food & Consumption Terms
• Food & Drink
• Food Terms
• Garden Terms
• Gender Terms
• Geographic Terms
• Grammatical Terms
• Honor Terms
• Horticulture Terms
• Household Terms
• Identity Terms
• Illness Terms
• Infrastructure
• Injury Terms
• Insect Terms
• Interrogatives
• Kinship Terms
• Knowledge Terms
• Landforms
• Landscape Terms
• Language Terms
• Learning Terms
• Life Stages
• Light Terms
• Love Terms
• Magic Terms
• Magical Terms
• Manner
• Maritime Terms
• Marriage Terms
• Material Culture
• Material Terms
• Measurement Terms
• Medial Forms
• Medial
• Medical Terms
• Mental Terms
• Metal Terms
• Metals
• Military Terms
• Military
• Moral Terms
• Motion Terms
• Movement Terms
• Music Terms
• Musical Terms
• Mythological Terms
• Name Terms
• Natural Features
• Natural Terms
• Natural World
• Negation
• Nocturnal Animals
• Nocturnal Terms
• Number System
• Number Terms
• Occupations
• Pastoral Terms
• Pasture Terms
• Path Terms
• Peoples
• Perception Terms
• Performance Terms
• Person Terms
• Personal
• Philosophical Terms
• Physical Sensation
• Physical States
• Place Names
• Place Terms
• Plant Terms
• Political Terms
• Position Terms
• Precipitation
• Preparation Terms
• Process Terms
• Professional Terms
• Proximal
• Regional Terms
• Religious Terms
• Ritual Terms
• Rituals
• Sacred Terms
• Sacred
• Scholarly Terms
• Seasonal Terms
• Sensation Terms
• Sensory Terms
• Settlement Terms
• Size Terms
• Sky Terms
• Social Terms
• Sound Terms
• Spatial Terms
• Spatial
• Speech Terms
• Spirit Terms
• Spring Terms
• Stance Actions
• States of Matter
• Stone Terms
• Storage Terms
• Structure Terms
• Taboo Terms
• Tactile Properties
• Taste Terms
• Technical Terms
• Temporal
• Timber Terms
• Time Terms
• Tool Terms
• Tool/Craft Terms
• Unknown
• Vehicle Terms
• Verbal Morphology
• Verbal Terms
• Visual Terms
• Water Features
• Water Terms
• Weapon Terms
• Weather Terms
• Wind Terms
• Wood Terms
• Writing Terms

Abstract Concepts

etilsim   /e.til.sim/  (adverb)

everything changes/transforms (with implications of resignation/indifference)

Shows lexicalization of translative case into expression of both transformation and resignation

Derived Forms:

im   /im/  (noun)

evil, abstract negativity

Proto-Hick *ʔimru

Derived Forms:

'it   /ʔit/  (noun)

knot (in wood), falsehood

Proto-Hick *xitu

Derived Forms:

im'ir   /im.ʔir/  (noun)

ill intent, malice

Shows metaphorical extension of negative prefix with action root

Derived Forms:

imurud   /i.mu.rud/  (noun)

falsehood

Shows semantic extension from physical to abstract meaning

Derived Forms:

'imur   /ʔi.mur/  (noun)

evil force

Proto-Hick *hi-muru

Shows archaic animacy marking through glottal prefix

Derived Forms:

sibris   /si.bris/  (noun)

love

Proto-Hick *hibrisu

Metaphorical extension from 'fire' to 'passion/love'

Derived Forms:

sinas   /si.nas/  (noun)

drift, passage

Proto-Hick *senu-asa-u

Literally 'floating through', shows typical compound reduction

Derived Forms:

thid   /θid/  (noun)

truth

Proto-Hick *hawadu

Derived Forms:

thil   /θil/  (noun)

virtue, moral

Proto-Hick *halu

Abstract sense developed from basic meaning

Derived Forms:

torthil   /tor.θil/  (noun)

arrogance, haughtiness

Shows ironic compound formation - excessive virtue becoming a flaw

Derived Forms:

wad   /wad/  (noun)

path, way, manner

Proto-Hick *wadu

Derived Forms:

Abstract Terms

eter   /e.ter/  (noun)

flow of things; correct ordering, sorting

Shows metaphorical extension of flow to proper arrangement

Derived Forms:

krasim   /kra.sim/  (noun)

hatred

Derived Forms:

Action Terms

ar   /ar/  (noun)

cut, cutting action

Proto-Hick *xaru

Derived Forms:

ar'er /ar.ʔer/

to cut

ar + -'er (verbalizer)

haran   /ha.ran/  (noun)

split, separate, divide (numbers)

Proto-Hick *haranu

Derived Forms:

hisimris   /hi.sim.ris/  (verb)

show

Shows productive use of ellative case for causative meanings

Derived Forms:

'ilis   /ʔi.lis/  (noun)

knowledge

Proto-Hick *hi-lisu

Semantic extension from 'sight' to 'knowledge'

Derived Forms:

'ilis'er /ʔi.lis.ʔer/

to know

'ilis + -'er (verbalizer)

'ilisal   /ʔi.li.sal/  (noun)

visit (a place), experience personally, confirm via experiment

Shows semantic development from 'knowledge-person' to active experiential learning

Derived Forms:

'ilisal'er /ʔi.li.sal.ʔer/

to visit, to experience firsthand

'ilisal + -'er (verbalizer)

'ilisal   /ʔi.li.sal/  (noun)

visit (a place), experience personally, confirm via experiment

Shows semantic development from 'knowledge-person' to active experiential learning

Derived Forms:

'ilisal'er /ʔi.li.sal.ʔer/

to visit, to experience firsthand

'ilisal + -'er (verbalizer)

'ilisal   /ʔi.li.sal/  (noun)

visit (a place), experience personally, confirm via experiment

Shows semantic development from 'knowledge-person' to active experiential learning

Derived Forms:

'ilisal'er /ʔi.li.sal.ʔer/

to visit, to experience firsthand

'ilisal + -'er (verbalizer)

'ilisimris   /ʔi.li.sim.ris/  (verb)

to teach

Shows productive use of ellative for causative meanings

Derived Forms:

imwes   /im.wes/  (verb)

invade, encroach upon

Shows productive use of im- prefix for harmful actions

Derived Forms:

'irek   /ʔi.rek/  (noun)

stand, firmness

Proto-Hick *hi-reku

Shows archaic animacy marking through glottal prefix

Derived Forms:

'irek'er /ʔi.rek.ʔer/

to stand

'irek + -'er (verbalizer)

'ilisimris'er   /ʔi.li.sim.ris.ʔer/  (verb)

to teach

Literally 'to cause knowledge to go out from', showing productive use of ellative for causative meanings

Derived Forms:

krak'er   /krak.ʔer/  (verb)

to bite

Derived Forms:

mabarak   /ma.ba.rak/  (noun)

march, collective walking

Collective motion from plural marker

Derived Forms:

mabarak'er /ma.ba.rak.ʔer/

to march

mabarak + -'er (verbalizer)

sin   /sin/  (noun)

floating

Proto-Hick *senu

Derived Forms:

takimris   /ta.kim.ris/  (verb)

to attack, to oppose

Shows development of aggressive meaning through ellative case

Derived Forms:

trask'er   /tras.kʔer/  (verb)

to run

Shows semantic extension from body part to motion

Derived Forms:

us   /us/  (noun)

grasp, possession

Proto-Hick *ʔulu-isu

Developed from locative form of *ʔulu (~400 PF) specializing in 'grasp' meaning

Derived Forms:

us'er /us.ʔer/

to possess,to own

us + -'er (verbalizer)

ven'er   /ven.ʔer/  (verb)

to carry

Derived Forms:

Action Verbs

rak   /rak/  (verb)

to break, shatter

Proto-Hick *raku

Derived Forms:

siltak'er   /sil.tak.ʔer/  (verb)

to touch

Derived Forms:

Agricultural Terms

granmal   /gran.mal/  (noun)

grain storage

Derived Forms:

graswad   /gras.wad/  (noun)

pasture path

Derived Forms:

'ibri   /ʔib.ri/  (noun)

manure, fertilizer

Proto-Hick *'ibari

Derived Forms:

'ibrigral   /ʔib.ri.gral/  (noun)

farmlands, cultivated fields

Shows development from fertilization practice to agricultural land

Derived Forms:

sedgral   /sed.gral/  (noun)

field

Derived Forms:

sedok   /se.dok/  (noun)

planter, farmer

Derived Forms:

sedter   /sed.ter/  (noun)

planting time

Derived Forms:

saresp   /sa.resp/  (noun)

sprout

Metaphorical extension of hidden leaf beneath; reflects cultural view of growth as emergence from concealment

Derived Forms:

sedthral   /sed.θral/  (noun)

planting day

Derived Forms:

Animal Terms

belnes   /bel.nes/  (noun)

mouthed fish

Descriptive compound based on physical feature

Derived Forms:

dak   /dak/  (noun)

snake

Proto-Hick *daluku

From root meaning "slither", forms verb dak'er "to slither"

Derived Forms:

dorren   /dor.ren/  (noun)

pack deer

Descriptive compound based on behavior

Derived Forms:

imtirduok   /im.tir.du.ok/  (noun)

scavenger

Shows formation pattern of "carrion-eater" common across languages

Derived Forms:

krakrak   /kra.krak/  (noun)

fang

Shows nasal deletion in compound. Forms specialized term contrasting with general krak 'tooth'

Derived Forms:

kasak   /ka.sak/  (noun)

wolf-like howl

Derived Forms:

ketnes   /ket.nes/  (noun)

sea fish

Derived Forms:

kran   /kran/  (noun)

horn, spike

Proto-Hick *kranu

Derived Forms:

limur   /li.mur/  (noun)

small owl

Triggers reduction in following syllables

Derived Forms:

pel   /pel/  (noun)

bear

Proto-Hick *pelu

Derived Forms:

rek   /rek/  (noun)

bark (of dog/wolf)

Proto-Hick *reku

Shows onomatopoeic origin from sound of canine bark

Derived Forms:

rek'er /rek.ʔer/

to bark

rek + -'er (verbalizer)

rekrek /rek.rek/

repeated barking

rek + rek (reduplication)

ranes   /ra.nes/  (noun)

river fish

Derived Forms:

ren   /ren/  (noun)

deer

Proto-Hick *renu

Derived Forms:

sak   /sak/  (noun)

wolf

Proto-Hick *saku

Derived Forms:

silpel   /sil.pel/  (noun)

hide bear

Derived Forms:

sinthir   /sin.θir/  (noun)

fly

Derived Forms:

temerok   /te.me.rok/  (noun)

killer, murderer, predator

Shows metaphorical formation 'death-bringer' for both human killers and predatory animals

Derived Forms:

thirpel   /θir.pel/  (noun)

fur-bear

Derived Forms:

thirren   /θir.ren/  (noun)

winter coat deer

Derived Forms:

venmer   /ven.mer/  (noun)

wing bird

Derived Forms:

Animals

aniko   /a.ni.ko/  (noun)

animal (general term)

Proto-Hick *xani-kostu

Shows semantic extension from descriptive 'four-legged' to general term for animal

Derived Forms:

grapar   /gra.par/  (noun)

earthworm

Shows descriptive compound formation based on movement

Derived Forms:

kor   /kor/  (noun)

cow

Derived Forms:

kranren   /kran.ren/  (noun)

antlered deer

Derived Forms:

mer   /mer/  (noun)

bird, parent

Proto-Hick *meru

Derived Forms:

momer   /mo.mer/  (noun)

chicken

Shows semantic development where negated 'bird' specifies flightless bird

Derived Forms:

rok   /rok/  (noun)

horse

Derived Forms:

sumerok   /su.me.rok/  (noun)

goat

Derived Forms:

torba   /tor.ba/  (noun)

goat

Derived Forms:

toren   /to.ren/  (noun)

horse

Derived Forms:

tornes   /tor.nes/  (noun)

whale

tor-nes

Derived Forms:

vinusak   /vi.nu.sak/  (noun)

dog, domesticated wolf

Shows recognition of dogs as domesticated wolves through compound formation

Derived Forms:

vinusak'er /vi.nu.sak.ʔer/

to hunt with dogs

vinusak + -'er (verbalizer)

vinusak   /vi.nu.sak/  (noun)

dog, domesticated wolf

Shows recognition of dogs as domesticated wolves through compound formation

Derived Forms:

vinusak'er /vi.nu.sak.ʔer/

to hunt with dogs

vinusak + -'er (verbalizer)

Architecture

bel   /bel/  (noun)

mouth, opening

Proto-Hick *belu

Basic term for mouth/opening

Derived Forms:

branlir   /bran.lir/  (noun)

watchtower

Proto-Hick *bran-lir

Military architecture term

Derived Forms:

iskel   /is.kel/  (noun)

window

Basic architectural term

Derived Forms:

iskelai   /is.ke.lai/  (noun)

window condensation

Shows compound formation with water term

Derived Forms:

Art Terms

'irurtak   /ʔi.rur.tak/  (noun)

cave art

Compound of sacred cave term with marking/impact

Derived Forms:

Artistic Terms

arum   /a.rum/  (noun)

sketch; draw

Shows semantic extension from physical cutting to artistic marking

Derived Forms:

Basic Actions

tag   /tag/  (noun)

hand

Proto-Hick *tagu

Forms verb tag'er 'to make'

Derived Forms:

tag'er   /tag.ʔer/  (verb)

to make, to craft

Shows concrete development from manual action to general creation. Contrasts with abstract 'ir'er 'to do'.

Derived Forms:

wak'eth   /wak.ʔeθ/  (verb)

to nurse

Derived Forms:

Basic Terms

aniko   /a.ni.ko/  (noun)

animal (general term)

Proto-Hick *xani-kostu

Shows semantic extension from descriptive 'four-legged' to general term for animal

Derived Forms:

ar   /ar/  (noun)

cut, cutting action

Proto-Hick *xaru

Derived Forms:

ar'er /ar.ʔer/

to cut

ar + -'er (verbalizer)

asam   /a.səm/  (noun)

rest, resting place

Proto-Hick *xasamu

Derived Forms:

'al   /ʔal/  (noun)

person

Proto-Hick hi- + *ʔalu

From animacy marker + basic person term

Derived Forms:

asamitar   /a.sa.mi.tar/  (verb)

to sit, rest upon

From asam "rest, resting place" with superessive case, literally "rest upon". Shows common pattern of case suffixes becoming lexicalized into verbs

Derived Forms:

brastran   /bras.tran/  (noun)

foot (unit of length, approximately arm-length)

Shows development of -ran as measurement suffix from *haranu 'length'

Derived Forms:

bres   /bres/  (noun)

wind

Proto-Hick *bresu

Derived Forms:

bedek   /be.dek/  (noun)

tongue

Metaphorical compound

Derived Forms:

brast   /brast/  (noun)

dominant arm

Proto-Hick *bara-satu

Specifically refers to dominant arm, contrasting with ret "arm (general)". Forms verb brast'er "to reach". Cultural link to tak "right (direction)"

Derived Forms:

bris   /bris/  (noun)

heat

Proto-Hick *brisu

Basic term for heat/warmth

Derived Forms:

duwes   /du.wes/  (noun)

food, nourishment

Semantic extension from 'meat-container' to general 'food'

Derived Forms:

duwes'er /du.wes.ʔer/

to eat

duwes + -'er (verbalizer)

dak   /dak/  (noun)

snake

Proto-Hick *daluku

From root meaning "slither", forms verb dak'er "to slither"

Derived Forms:

dorren   /dor.ren/  (noun)

pack deer

Descriptive compound based on behavior

Derived Forms:

duwesimris   /du.we.sim.ris/  (verb)

feed

Derived from "duwes" (food) with the ellative case, indicating the act of providing food

Derived Forms:

eltek   /el.tek/  (adjective)

compacted, condensed (especially of soil), shaped from loose material

Proto-Hick *ʔelu-taku

From phrase 'grale ʔelu taku' (soil together hit). Shows development from physical action to resultant state

Derived Forms:

eltek   /el.tek/  (adjective)

compacted, condensed (especially of soil), shaped from loose material

Proto-Hick *ʔelu-taku

From phrase 'grale ʔelu taku' (soil together hit). Shows development from physical action to resultant state

Derived Forms:

etil   /e.til/  (noun)

thing

Proto-Hick *etilu

Derived Forms:

ewes   /e.wes/  (lexinfo:Adposition)

together with; together

Proto-Hick *ʔelu-lawes

From instrumental *ʔelu "by means of" + *lawes "consume", showing semantic development from "consuming with" to general accompaniment

Derived Forms:

ger   /ger/  (noun)

metal

Proto-Hick *kuru-garu

Derived Forms:

gnar   /gnar/  (noun)

correct

Proto-Hick *gnaru

Derived Forms:

gnar-'er /gnar.ʔer/

to be correct

gnar + -'er (verbalizer)

gnater   /gna.ter/  (verb)

desire

Derived Forms:

gras   /gras/  (noun)

grass

Proto-Hick *grasu

Derived Forms:

gras'er /gras.ʔer/

to graze

gras + -'er (verbalizer)

gasam   /ga.sam/  (noun)

grinding

Literally "under rock," referring to the action of grinding

Derived Forms:

gra   /gra/  (adjective)

grey

Proto-Hick *grau

Shows vowel sequence simplification

Derived Forms:

hilis   /hi.lis/  (noun)

sight, active vision

Proto-Hick *hilisu

Forms two contrasting verbs: hilis'er (active looking) vs his'er (passive seeing)

Derived Forms:

his   /his/  (verb)

to see (passive/unintentional perception)

Proto-Hick *hisu

Reintroduced from dialect to maintain distinction from demonstrative -is

Derived Forms:

'ibris'er   /ʔi.bris.ʔer/  (verb)

to burn

Base form for metaphorical extensions to passion and anger

Derived Forms:

'il   /ʔil/  (noun)

good, kind

Proto-Hick *hi-halu

Shows archaic animacy marking through glottal prefix

Derived Forms:

'ir   /ʔir/  (noun)

movement, motion

Proto-Hick *heru

Source of verbalizer suffix -'er through grammaticalization

Derived Forms:

'irek   /ʔi.rek/  (noun)

stand, firmness

Proto-Hick *hi-reku

Shows archaic animacy marking through glottal prefix

Derived Forms:

'irek'er /ʔi.rek.ʔer/

to stand

'irek + -'er (verbalizer)

impal   /im.pal/  (noun)

weakness, frailty

Source of adjective kaimpal "weak". Shows metaphorical extension of belly/gut health to general strength

Derived Forms:

imtirduok   /im.tir.du.ok/  (noun)

scavenger

Shows formation pattern of "carrion-eater" common across languages

Derived Forms:

iskel   /is.kel/  (noun)

window

Basic architectural term

Derived Forms:

kaken   /ka.ken/  (adjective)

snowy, snow-covered

Shows typical adjectival reduplication pattern

Derived Forms:

ken   /ken/  (noun)

snow

Proto-Hick *kenu

Derived Forms:

kabran   /ka.bran/  (adjective)

crooked, leaning

From metaphorical extension of branch growth patterns

Derived Forms:

kagar   /ka.gar/  (adjective)

hard

Derived Forms:

kagral   /ka.gral/  (adjective)

earthy, brown

Derived Forms:

kaimpal   /ka.im.pal/  (adjective)

weak, feeble

Shows metaphorical extension of belly/gut health to general strength

Derived Forms:

kames   /ka.mes/  (adjective)

emotional

Derived Forms:

kapal   /ka.pal/  (adjective)

strong, vigorous

Shows metaphorical extension of belly/gut health to general strength

Derived Forms:

kasul   /ka.sul/  (adjective)

energetic

Derived Forms:

kator   /ka.tor/  (adjective)

massive, heavy

Derived Forms:

kranren   /kran.ren/  (noun)

antlered deer

Derived Forms:

kras'er   /kras.ʔer/  (verb)

to be bitter

Derived Forms:

limel   /li.mel/  (adjective)

slightly sweet

Derived Forms:

litil   /li.til/  (noun)

small thing

Derived Forms:

li   /li/  (lexinfo:Prefix)

diminutive prefix: small, lesser, young

Proto-Hick *li

Ancient diminutive marker, preserved in many compounds

Derived Forms:

mel'er   /mel.ʔer/  (verb)

to be sweet

Derived Forms:

meris   /me.ris/  (noun)

enduring love

Proto-Hick *meru-risu

Derived Forms:

mir   /mir/  (noun)

cold

Proto-Hick *miru

Derived Forms:

mirik   /mi.rik/  (noun)

ice

Proto-Hick *mirikrakhar

Shows semantic development from 'biting cold' to 'ice'

Derived Forms:

momer   /mo.mer/  (noun)

chicken

Shows semantic development where negated 'bird' specifies flightless bird

Derived Forms:

paket   /pa.ket/  (noun)

talk

Proto-Hick *pakata

Derived Forms:

pak   /pak/  (noun)

poke

Proto-Hick *paku

Derived Forms:

pakupak   /ˈpa.ku.pək/  (noun)

tickle

Proto-Hick *pakupaku

Derived Forms:

pal   /pal/  (noun)

belly, center

Proto-Hick *palu

Derived Forms:

pel   /pel/  (noun)

bear

Proto-Hick *pelu

Derived Forms:

pil   /pil/  (noun)

five

Proto-Hick *pilu

basic form

Derived Forms:

pirlas'er   /pir.las.ʔer/  (verb)

to hear

Derived Forms:

pran   /pran/  (noun)

seven

Proto-Hick *pran-inu

counting form

Derived Forms:

stor   /stor/  (noun)

growth, addition, increment

Proto-Hick *storu

Base form preserved in sacred terms

Derived Forms:

stor-'er /stor.ʔer/

to grow, to increase

stor + -'er (verbalizer)

stor   /stor/  (noun)

growth, addition, increment

Proto-Hick *storu

Base form preserved in sacred terms

Derived Forms:

stor-'er /stor.ʔer/

to grow, to increase

stor + -'er (verbalizer)

tak   /tak/  (noun)

strike, impact, touch, contact

Proto-Hick *taku

Onomatopoeic origin

Derived Forms:

tak   /tak/  (noun)

strike, impact, touch, contact

Proto-Hick *taku

Onomatopoeic origin

Derived Forms:

tal   /tal/  (noun)

place, location

Proto-Hick *halu

Borrowed from Pre-Hick dialect where spatial meaning developed

Derived Forms:

temerok   /te.me.rok/  (noun)

killer, murderer, predator

Shows metaphorical formation 'death-bringer' for both human killers and predatory animals

Derived Forms:

temerok   /te.me.rok/  (noun)

killer, murderer, predator

Shows metaphorical formation 'death-bringer' for both human killers and predatory animals

Derived Forms:

ter   /ter/  (noun)

flow, fluid motion

Proto-Hick *teru

Derived Forms:

ter'er /ter.ʔer/

to drink

ter + -'er (verbalizer)

takuter   /ta.ku.ter/  (noun)

harmony, attunement

Shows reduction of reduplicated base through compound simplification

Derived Forms:

ul   /ul/  (noun)

thumb

Proto-Hick *ʔulu

Original root (~800 PF) had meanings 'thumb/grasp/possession'. By Late Proto-Hick (~400 PF), bare form specialized to 'thumb/possession'. Source of possessive suffix -ul through grammaticalization.

Derived Forms:

-ul /ul/

possessive marker

grammaticalized possessive suffix

ul'er /ul.ʔer/

to grasp

ul + -'er (verbalizer)

uran   /u.rən/  (noun)

inch (unit of length, approximately thumb-width)

Proto-Hick *ulu-haranu

Shows development of measurement system from body parts

Derived Forms:

us   /us/  (noun)

grasp, possession

Proto-Hick *ʔulu-isu

Developed from locative form of *ʔulu (~400 PF) specializing in 'grasp' meaning

Derived Forms:

us'er /us.ʔer/

to possess,to own

us + -'er (verbalizer)

ven   /ven/  (noun)

yoke, burden

Proto-Hick *venu

Reintroduced from dialect after original *venu developed into vin

Derived Forms:

vinud   /vi.nud/  (noun)

building, dwelling

Proto-Hick *venu-wudu

Semantic shift from 'wood structure' to 'dwelling'

Derived Forms:

vinud'er /vi.nu.dʔer/

to build, to dwell

vinud + -'er (verbalizer)

wad   /wad/  (noun)

path, way, manner

Proto-Hick *wadu

Derived Forms:

ward   /ward/  (noun)

direction, guidance

Proto-Hick *wardu

Derived Forms:

ward-'er /war.dʔer/

to guide/direct (verbal form)

ward + -'er (verbalizer)

wes   /wes/  (noun)

cover, enclose

Proto-Hick *wesu

Derived Forms:

Bird Terms

limur   /li.mur/  (noun)

small owl

Triggers reduction in following syllables

Derived Forms:

mer   /mer/  (noun)

bird, parent

Proto-Hick *meru

Derived Forms:

murmer   /mur.mer/  (noun)

night-bird, owl

Derived Forms:

thurmur   /θur.mur/  (noun)

dusk owl

Proto-Hick *thuru-muru-meru

Shows compound reduction

Derived Forms:

tomur   /to.mur/  (noun)

great owl

Shows liquid deletion and vowel reduction

Derived Forms:

venmer   /ven.mer/  (noun)

wing bird

Derived Forms:

Bodily Functions

dakisa   /da.ki.sa/  (noun)

infatuation

Proto-Hick *daluku-isa-hihasa

Literally "snake in the gut"; metaphorical extension for intense desire

Derived Forms:

murvinu   /mur.vi.nu/  (noun)

stillbirth

Uses mur- 'darkness' metaphorically for death

Derived Forms:

murvinuiter   /mur.vi.nu.i.ter/  (noun)

abortion

Uses ellative case to indicate 'from/out of stillbirth'

Derived Forms:

Body Actions

imlisitar   /im.li.si.tar/  (verb)

to flinch, startle

Uses superlative case to indicate sudden upward movement

Derived Forms:

Body Parts

brastok   /bras.tok/  (noun)

craftsman, artisan

Shows cultural importance of manual craft skills

Derived Forms:

bedek   /be.dek/  (noun)

tongue

Metaphorical compound

Derived Forms:

bel   /bel/  (noun)

mouth, opening

Proto-Hick *belu

Basic term for mouth/opening

Derived Forms:

belimris   /be.lim.ris/  (noun)

taste (active)

Shows productive use of ellative case for active tasting

Derived Forms:

bellas   /bel.las/  (noun)

taste (reception)

Shows productive use of illative case for reception of taste

Derived Forms:

brast   /brast/  (noun)

dominant arm

Proto-Hick *bara-satu

Specifically refers to dominant arm, contrasting with ret "arm (general)". Forms verb brast'er "to reach". Cultural link to tak "right (direction)"

Derived Forms:

dorgar   /dor.gər/  (noun)

spine

Derived Forms:

dakisa   /da.ki.sa/  (noun)

infatuation

Proto-Hick *daluku-isa-hihasa

Literally "snake in the gut"; metaphorical extension for intense desire

Derived Forms:

dor   /dor/  (noun)

back, behind

Proto-Hick *doru

Basic term for back/behind

Derived Forms:

'ilibris'er   /ʔi.li.bris.ʔer/  (verb)

(euphemistic) to make love, have sexual intercourse

Euphemistic term derived from 'ilibris 'passion'. Shows cultural preference for metaphors of warmth/fire in intimate contexts.

Derived Forms:

impal   /im.pal/  (noun)

weakness, frailty

Source of adjective kaimpal "weak". Shows metaphorical extension of belly/gut health to general strength

Derived Forms:

kabrast   /ka.brast/  (adjective)

skilled with hands, manually dexterous

Shows metaphorical extension to manual craft skills

Derived Forms:

kanmil   /kan.mil/  (noun)

brain

Derived Forms:

kar   /kar/  (noun)

nose

Proto-Hick *karu

Derived Forms:

kar'er /kar.ʔer/

to smell

kar + -'er (verbalizer)

kir'irur   /kir.ʔi.rur/  (noun)

ribcage

Derived Forms:

kirgar   /kir.gər/  (noun)

rib

Derived Forms:

kol   /kol/  (noun)

neck

Proto-Hick *kolu

Derived Forms:

kost   /kost/  (noun)

foot

Proto-Hick *kostu

Derived Forms:

kun   /kun/  (noun)

knee

Proto-Hick *kunu

Derived Forms:

kan   /kan/  (noun)

head

Proto-Hick *kanu

Derived Forms:

kir   /kir/  (noun)

chest, body

Proto-Hick *kiru

Derived Forms:

kirmel   /kir.mel/  (noun)

chest fat

Derived Forms:

kirpel   /kir.pel/  (noun)

chest hair

Derived Forms:

krak   /krak/  (noun)

tooth

Proto-Hick *kraku

Derived Forms:

kran   /kran/  (noun)

horn, spike

Proto-Hick *kranu

Derived Forms:

lisbel   /lis.bel/  (noun)

face

Derived Forms:

mar   /mar/  (noun)

blood, life-fluid; red

Proto-Hick *maru

Derived Forms:

mar-'er /mar.ʔer/

to be red (stative verbal form)

mar + -'er (verbalizer)

mil   /mil/  (noun)

tallow, animal fat

Proto-Hick *melu

Derived Forms:

pir   /pir/  (noun)

ear

Proto-Hick *piru

Derived Forms:

pir'er /pir.ʔer/

to listen

pir + -'er (verbalizer)

pal   /pal/  (noun)

belly, center

Proto-Hick *palu

Derived Forms:

pirlas   /pir.las/  (noun)

hearing

Derived Forms:

ret   /ret/  (noun)

arm

Proto-Hick *retu

Derived Forms:

sul   /sul/  (noun)

liver

Proto-Hick *sulu

Derived Forms:

sat   /sat/  (noun)

appendage; penis

Proto-Hick *satu

Basic term for appendages, with anatomical extension. Forms compounds for specific body parts.

Derived Forms:

sil   /sil/  (noun)

hide, skin

Proto-Hick *silu

Derived Forms:

sim   /sim/  (noun)

fine hair, lash

Proto-Hick *simu

Derived Forms:

tag   /tag/  (noun)

hand

Proto-Hick *tagu

Forms verb tag'er 'to make'

Derived Forms:

trask   /trask/  (noun)

leg

Proto-Hick *tarasaku

Derived Forms:

tag'er   /tag.ʔer/  (verb)

to make, to craft

Shows concrete development from manual action to general creation. Contrasts with abstract 'ir'er 'to do'.

Derived Forms:

tagimris   /tag.im.ris/  (verb)

give

Shows common pattern of ellative case marking motion from hand. Contrasts with taglas 'take'.

Derived Forms:

taglas   /tag.las/  (verb)

take, receive

Shows common pattern of illative case marking motion into hand. Contrasts with tagimris 'give'.

Derived Forms:

tel   /tel/  (noun)

tail, end

Proto-Hick *telu

Derived Forms:

thal   /θal/  (noun)

side, flank

Proto-Hick *thalu

Derived Forms:

vinusam   /vi.nu.sam/  (noun)

shoulder

Proto-Hick *vinu xasamu

Derived Forms:

wak   /wak/  (noun)

breast

Proto-Hick *waka

Derived Forms:

wak'ai   /wak.ʔai/  (noun)

milk

Derived Forms:

wak'eth   /wak.ʔeθ/  (verb)

to nurse

Derived Forms:

wakat   /wa.kət/  (noun)

nipple

Derived Forms:

Body States

imbris   /im.bris/  (noun)

fever, harmful heat

Shows productive use of im- prefix for negative conditions

Derived Forms:

Body Terms

aiesp   /ai.esp/  (noun)

bathe

Shows lexicalization of subessive case into basic verb stem

Derived Forms:

aiesp'er /ai.esp.ʔer/

to bathe, to immerse in water

aiesp + -'er (verbalizer)

arsil   /ar.sil/  (noun)

open wound, cut

Derived Forms:

bresubel   /bre.su.bel/  (verb)

shout, yell

Proto-Hick *bresu-belu

Shows typical compound formation with body part term

Derived Forms:

bresubel'er /bre.su.bel.ʔer/

to shout, to yell

bresubel + -'er (verbalizer)

dudup   /du.dup/  (noun)

swollen muscle

Derived Forms:

gralimris   /gra.lim.ris/  (noun)

excrement

Derived Forms:

hahu   /ha.hu/  (noun)

laugh, laughter

Proto-Hick *hahu

Shows irregular sound change preserving original 'laugh' meaning while regular form *halu developed into 'good' (via hi-halu > 'il)

Derived Forms:

hahu'er /ha.hu.ʔer/

to laugh

hahu + -'er (verbalizer)

'ilsul   /ʔil.sul/  (noun)

happiness, joy

Shows cultural conceptualization of liver as seat of emotions, particularly positive ones

Derived Forms:

'ilsul'er /ʔil.sul.ʔer/

to be happy

'ilsul + -'er (verbalizer)

imbel   /im.bel/  (noun)

bad language, swear words

Derived Forms:

imeresp   /i.me.resp/  (noun)

sleep

Derived Forms:

imeresp'er /i.me.res.pʔer/

to sleep

imeresp + -'er (verbalizer)

imtirdu   /im.tir.du/  (noun)

rotting meat, cadaver

Shows semantic extension from rotting meat to cadaver. Contrasts with du for fresh meat

Derived Forms:

'ibris   /ʔib.ris/  (noun)

breath

Shows sacred prefix with basic term for wind/breath

Derived Forms:

kandup   /kan.dup/  (noun)

head lump, bump on head

Derived Forms:

kawak   /ka.wak/  (adjective)

soft

Derived Forms:

krakrak   /kra.krak/  (noun)

fang

Shows nasal deletion in compound. Forms specialized term contrasting with general krak 'tooth'

Derived Forms:

krantak   /kran.tak/  (noun)

physical pain

Shows cultural distinction between physical and emotional pain

Derived Forms:

siltak'er /sil.tak.ʔer/

to feel physical pain

siltak + -'er (verbalizer)

krak'er   /krak.ʔer/  (verb)

to bite

Derived Forms:

merkran   /mer.kran/  (noun)

emotional pain, heartache

Shows metaphorical conceptualization of emotional pain as heart-piercing

Derived Forms:

merkran'er /mer.kran.ʔer/

to feel emotional pain

merkran + -'er (verbalizer)

mes   /mes/  (noun)

heart

Proto-Hick *mesu

Derived Forms:

mes'er   /mes.ʔer/  (verb)

to feel (emotion), experience emotion

Shows cultural distinction between heart-based emotions and liver-based deeper feelings

Derived Forms:

murvinu   /mur.vi.nu/  (noun)

stillbirth

Uses mur- 'darkness' metaphorically for death

Derived Forms:

murvinuiter   /mur.vi.nu.i.ter/  (noun)

abortion

Uses ellative case to indicate 'from/out of stillbirth'

Derived Forms:

murlis   /mur.lis/  (noun)

night vision

Derived Forms:

par   /par/  (verb)

crawl

*paru-heru

Shows semantic development from 'belly-motion' to general 'crawl'

Derived Forms:

saw   /saw/  (noun)

shit

Derived Forms:

sinibel   /si.ni.bel/  (noun)

taste

Derived Forms:

siltak   /sil.tak/  (noun)

physical pain

Derived Forms:

'u'u   /ʔu.ʔu/  (verb)

cry, weep (in sorrow/pain)

Proto-Hick *'uhu-'uhu

Onomatopoeic origin from crying/sobbing sound

Derived Forms:

'u'u'er /ʔu.ʔu.ʔer/

to cry, to weep

'u'u + -'er (verbalizer)

ul   /ul/  (noun)

thumb

Proto-Hick *ʔulu

Original root (~800 PF) had meanings 'thumb/grasp/possession'. By Late Proto-Hick (~400 PF), bare form specialized to 'thumb/possession'. Source of possessive suffix -ul through grammaticalization.

Derived Forms:

-ul /ul/

possessive marker

grammaticalized possessive suffix

ul'er /ul.ʔer/

to grasp

ul + -'er (verbalizer)

vin   /vin/  (noun)

pregnancy

Proto-Hick *venu

Maritime standard form. Inland dialects preserve venu-sedu > vinused

Derived Forms:

vinlas   /vin.las/  (noun)

fetus, unborn child

Shows lexicalization of case marking spatial relationship

Derived Forms:

Borrowed Terms

edel   /e.del/  (noun)

Wood Elf

Sindarin eðel + pre-Early Hick ʔal

Borrowed term for Wood Elves

Derived Forms:

ithiril   /i.θi.ril/  (noun)

Dark Elf

Borrowed term for Dark Elves

Derived Forms:

lik   /lik/  (noun)

dragon

Shows semantic narrowing from general serpentine being to specific dragon concept

Derived Forms:

tamin   /ta.min/  (noun)

forge, smithy

Direct borrowing of Quenya technical term for forge/smithy

Derived Forms:

Building Terms

'ilistal   /ʔi.lis.tal/  (noun)

library, school

Shows development of dedicated learning spaces

Derived Forms:

'ilistal'er /ʔi.lis.tal.ʔer/

to study formally, to attend school

'ilistal + -'er (verbalizer)

'ilistal   /ʔi.lis.tal/  (noun)

library, school

Shows development of dedicated learning spaces

Derived Forms:

'ilistal'er /ʔi.lis.tal.ʔer/

to study formally, to attend school

'ilistal + -'er (verbalizer)

parmatal   /par.ma.tal/  (noun)

library

Shows productive use of -tal for institutional locations

Derived Forms:

Case System

belimris   /be.lim.ris/  (noun)

taste (active)

Shows productive use of ellative case for active tasting

Derived Forms:

bellas   /bel.las/  (noun)

taste (reception)

Shows productive use of illative case for reception of taste

Derived Forms:

Celestial Bodies

murkel   /mur.kel/  (noun)

night sky

Derived Forms:

Celestial Terms

kel   /kel/  (noun)

sky, blue, leaf

Proto-Hick *kelu

Shows semantic extension from 'leaf' to 'sky', possibly through metaphor of canopy

Derived Forms:

thurkel   /θur.kel/  (noun)

evening sky

Derived Forms:

Character Terms

imasamok   /i.ma.sa.mok/  (noun)

coward

Shows productive use of agentive suffix with compound base

Derived Forms:

Climate Terms

bressim   /bres.sim/  (noun)

weather (conditions)

Shows lexicalization of translative case marking, conceptualizing weather as "becoming like wind"

Derived Forms:

Color Terms

arak   /a.rak/  (noun)

color

Proto-Hick *ʔaraku

Shows semantic shift from animate light to color

Derived Forms:

Colors

gra   /gra/  (adjective)

grey

Proto-Hick *grau

Shows vowel sequence simplification

Derived Forms:

grakur   /gra.kur/  (noun)

grey copper

Shows descriptive compound formation for metal types

Derived Forms:

kel   /kel/  (noun)

sky, blue, leaf

Proto-Hick *kelu

Shows semantic extension from 'leaf' to 'sky', possibly through metaphor of canopy

Derived Forms:

kagral   /ka.gral/  (adjective)

earthy, brown

Derived Forms:

mar   /mar/  (noun)

blood, life-fluid; red

Proto-Hick *maru

Derived Forms:

mar-'er /mar.ʔer/

to be red (stative verbal form)

mar + -'er (verbalizer)

thir   /θir/  (noun)

air, wind; white

Proto-Hick *haru

Derived Forms:

Common Phrases

'ilitar sarespes   /ʔi.li.tar sa.res.pes/  (ontolex:MultiwordExpression, lexinfo:MultiwordExpression)

Happy New Year (greeting)

Derived Forms:

'imeritares   /ʔi.me.ri.ta.res/  (noun)

welcome; raised spirits

Dialectal loss of initial glottal allows reanalysis with imer 'breath/soul'

Derived Forms:

Communication Terms

bresubel   /bre.su.bel/  (verb)

shout, yell

Proto-Hick *bresu-belu

Shows typical compound formation with body part term

Derived Forms:

bresubel'er /bre.su.bel.ʔer/

to shout, to yell

bresubel + -'er (verbalizer)

imerimris   /i.me.rim.ris/  (noun)

expression

Shows productive use of ellative case for outward expression

Derived Forms:

paket   /pa.ket/  (noun)

talk

Proto-Hick *pakata

Derived Forms:

tenwa   /ten.wa/  (noun)

writing; spellcraft

Eldrim tengwa

Shows semantic extension from basic writing to magical inscription

Derived Forms:

tenwa'er /ten.wa.ʔer/

to write; to make spells

tenwa + -'er (verbalizer)

Conflict Terms

harabran   /ha.ra.bran/  (noun)

conflict, grievance (especially between families/clans)

Shows cultural conceptualization of conflict as family/clan division

Derived Forms:

imwes   /im.wes/  (verb)

invade, encroach upon

Shows productive use of im- prefix for harmful actions

Derived Forms:

takimris   /ta.kim.ris/  (verb)

to attack, to oppose

Shows development of aggressive meaning through ellative case

Derived Forms:

Conjunction

ru   /ru/  (conjunction)

and

Derived Forms:

Construction Terms

asad   /a.sad/  (noun)

bridge

Proto-Hick *hasa-wadu

Derived Forms:

arasaditar   /a.ra.sa.di.tar/  (noun)

table

Literally "elevated plank"

Derived Forms:

arasud   /a.ra.sud/  (noun)

plank, cut timber

Proto-Hick *xarasa-wudu

Literally "cut-through wood"

Derived Forms:

brismal   /bris.mal/  (noun)

forge (native term)

Derived Forms:

'it   /ʔit/  (noun)

knot (in wood), falsehood

Proto-Hick *xitu

Derived Forms:

tamin   /ta.min/  (noun)

forge, smithy

Direct borrowing of Quenya technical term for forge/smithy

Derived Forms:

Craft Terms

kasgasam   /kas.ga.sam/  (noun)

polishing, lapping

Refers to the final lapping stage to achieve a reflective surface

Derived Forms:

Criminal Terms

rantirdu   /ran.tir.du/  (noun)

piracy, maritime raiding

Reanalyzed from rantirduok without agentive -ok

Derived Forms:

Cultivated Plants

malris   /mal.ris/  (noun)

water reed

Derived Forms:

marwud   /mar.wud/  (noun)

red wood

Derived Forms:

ranris   /ran.ris/  (noun)

river reed

Derived Forms:

Cultural Terms

eldalulbres   /el.da.lul.bres/  (noun)

north wind

Emerged after Eldrim conflicts, showing cultural trauma

Derived Forms:

'irurtak   /ʔi.rur.tak/  (noun)

cave art

Compound of sacred cave term with marking/impact

Derived Forms:

toreldal   /to.rel.dal/  (noun)

High Elf

From first elven migration period, uses native augmentative to distinguish High Elves

Derived Forms:

Death Terms

imtirdu   /im.tir.du/  (noun)

rotting meat, cadaver

Shows semantic extension from rotting meat to cadaver. Contrasts with du for fresh meat

Derived Forms:

imtirdu   /im.tir.du/  (noun)

rotting meat, cadaver

Shows semantic extension from rotting meat to cadaver. Contrasts with du for fresh meat

Derived Forms:

Demonstratives

-en   /-en/  (suffix)

that (inanimate, visible, medial)

Proto-Hick *ena

Derived Forms:

-eth   /-eθ/  (suffix)

that (medial, inanimate, hidden, sensed)

Proto-Hick *etha

Derived Forms:

-is   /-is/  (suffix)

this (inanimate, sensed, proximal)

Proto-Hick *isa

Derived Forms:

-rum   /-rum/  (suffix)

that (animate, distant)

Proto-Hick *ruma

Derived Forms:

-tan   /-tan/  (suffix)

that (animate, visible, medial)

Proto-Hick *tana

Derived Forms:

-thir   /-θir/  (suffix)

that (medial, animate, sensed)

Proto-Hick *thira

Derived Forms:

-um   /-um/  (suffix)

that (inanimate, distant)

Proto-Hick *uma

Derived Forms:

-ʔis   /-ʔis/  (suffix)

this (animate, sensed, proximal)

Proto-Hick *ʔisa

Derived Forms:

Derivational Morphology

li   /li/  (lexinfo:Prefix)

diminutive prefix: small, lesser, young

Proto-Hick *li

Ancient diminutive marker, preserved in many compounds

Derived Forms:

Destructive Actions

rak   /rak/  (verb)

to break, shatter

Proto-Hick *raku

Derived Forms:

Diplomatic Terms

'iltakutak   /ʔil.ta.ku.tak/  (noun)

good-rhythm, harmonious relationship

Derived Forms:

Directional Terms

aitarulbres   /ai.ta.rul.bres/  (noun)

west wind

Derived Forms:

eldalulbres   /el.da.lul.bres/  (noun)

north wind

Emerged after Eldrim conflicts, showing cultural trauma

Derived Forms:

eldul   /el.dul/  (noun)

north

Shows historical Eldrim influence on directional system

Derived Forms:

kethul   /ke.θul/  (noun)

east

Shows maritime influence on eastern regions

Derived Forms:

kethulbres   /ke.θul.bres/  (noun)

east wind

Derived Forms:

tarul   /ta.rul/  (noun)

west

Shows climatic influence on directional terms

Derived Forms:

thilul   /θi.lul/  (noun)

south

Shows cultural association of south with favorable omens

Derived Forms:

thilulbres   /θi.lul.bres/  (noun)

south wind

Derived Forms:

torulbres   /to.rul.bres/  (noun)

north wind

Derived Forms:

Distal

'akerum   /ʔa.ke.rum/  (interrogative)

how (unknown manner)

Proto-Hick *haka-er-um

Derived Forms:

'alum   /ʔa.lum/  (interrogative)

who (unknown person)

Proto-Hick *haka-al-um

Derived Forms:

'aterum   /ʔa.te.rum/  (interrogative)

when (unknown time)

Proto-Hick *haka-ter-um

Derived Forms:

'atum   /ʔa.tum/  (interrogative)

where (unknown location)

Proto-Hick *haka-tal-um

Derived Forms:

'etelum   /ʔe.te.lum/  (interrogative)

when (unknown time)

Proto-Hick *haka-tel-um

Derived Forms:

Distance Terms

barakter   /ba.rak.ter/  (noun)

league (distance walkable in one hour, roughly 3-4 miles)

Distance measure based on one hour's walking time. Shows temporal suffix used for distance measurement.

Derived Forms:

rakter /rak.ter/

colloquial form for league

shortened form of barakter

Domestic Animals

vinusak   /vi.nu.sak/  (noun)

dog, domesticated wolf

Shows recognition of dogs as domesticated wolves through compound formation

Derived Forms:

vinusak'er /vi.nu.sak.ʔer/

to hunt with dogs

vinusak + -'er (verbalizer)

vinusak   /vi.nu.sak/  (noun)

dog, domesticated wolf

Shows recognition of dogs as domesticated wolves through compound formation

Derived Forms:

vinusak'er /vi.nu.sak.ʔer/

to hunt with dogs

vinusak + -'er (verbalizer)

Drink Terms

melterai   /mel.te.rai/  (noun)

mead

Derived Forms:

tirai   /ti.rai/  (noun)

fermented drink

Shows cultural knowledge of fermentation process

Derived Forms:

Earth Terms

eltek   /el.tek/  (adjective)

compacted, condensed (especially of soil), shaped from loose material

Proto-Hick *ʔelu-taku

From phrase 'grale ʔelu taku' (soil together hit). Shows development from physical action to resultant state

Derived Forms:

eltek   /el.tek/  (adjective)

compacted, condensed (especially of soil), shaped from loose material

Proto-Hick *ʔelu-taku

From phrase 'grale ʔelu taku' (soil together hit). Shows development from physical action to resultant state

Derived Forms:

grapar   /gra.par/  (noun)

earthworm

Shows descriptive compound formation based on movement

Derived Forms:

Eldrim Terms

matakulambe   /ma.ta.ku.lam.be/  (noun)

Elven languages (collectively)

Uses Eldrim's own term for their languages collectively. Shows typical compound reduction pattern.

Derived Forms:

murlambe   /mur.lam.be/  (noun)

Dark Elven (Drow)

Parallels ithiril 'Dark Elf', rarely encountered in Early Hick period

Derived Forms:

torlambe   /tor.lam.be/  (noun)

High Elven (Quenya)

Shows parallel formation to toreldal 'High Elf'

Derived Forms:

wudlambe   /wud.lam.be/  (noun)

Wood Elven (Sindarin)

Parallels edel 'Wood Elf', most common Elven contact language

Derived Forms:

Elemental Terms

'ibris'er   /ʔi.bris.ʔer/  (verb)

to burn

Base form for metaphorical extensions to passion and anger

Derived Forms:

Elements

al   /al/  (noun)

natural rock

Proto-Hick *xalu

Derived Forms:

bris   /bris/  (noun)

heat

Proto-Hick *brisu

Basic term for heat/warmth

Derived Forms:

gar   /gar/  (noun)

stone

Proto-Hick *garu

Derived Forms:

thir   /θir/  (noun)

air, wind; white

Proto-Hick *haru

Derived Forms:

Emotion Terms

hahu   /ha.hu/  (noun)

laugh, laughter

Proto-Hick *hahu

Shows irregular sound change preserving original 'laugh' meaning while regular form *halu developed into 'good' (via hi-halu > 'il)

Derived Forms:

hahu'er /ha.hu.ʔer/

to laugh

hahu + -'er (verbalizer)

'ilibris   /ʔi.li.bris/  (noun)

passion; inspire fervor

Shows positive metaphorical extension of burning sensation

Derived Forms:

imibris   /im.i.bris/  (noun)

rage, anger; wrath

Shows negative metaphorical extension of burning sensation

Derived Forms:

'u'u   /ʔu.ʔu/  (verb)

cry, weep (in sorrow/pain)

Proto-Hick *'uhu-'uhu

Onomatopoeic origin from crying/sobbing sound

Derived Forms:

'u'u'er /ʔu.ʔu.ʔer/

to cry, to weep

'u'u + -'er (verbalizer)

Emotional Terms

gnater   /gna.ter/  (verb)

desire

Derived Forms:

'ilsul   /ʔil.sul/  (noun)

happiness, joy

Shows cultural conceptualization of liver as seat of emotions, particularly positive ones

Derived Forms:

'ilsul'er /ʔil.sul.ʔer/

to be happy

'ilsul + -'er (verbalizer)

imasam   /i.ma.sam/  (verb)

to cower, hide from fear

Shows metaphorical extension of 'resting under' to fearful hiding

Derived Forms:

imlis   /im.lis/  (noun)

fear, dread

Shows semantic development from 'seeing evil' to general fear

Derived Forms:

imlis'er   /im.li.sʔer/  (verb)

to flee, run from fear

Shows natural development from fear to flight response

Derived Forms:

imlisitar   /im.li.si.tar/  (verb)

to flinch, startle

Uses superlative case to indicate sudden upward movement

Derived Forms:

imlisrur   /im.lis.rur/  (noun)

anxiety, constant fear

Shows extension of iterative aspect to ongoing mental state

Derived Forms:

'imsai   /ʔim.sai/  (noun)

self-doubt, anxiety

Shows cultural conceptualization of anxiety as negative self-reflection

Derived Forms:

'imsai'er /ʔim.sai.ʔer/

to doubt oneself, be anxious

'imsai + -'er (verbalizer)

kames   /ka.mes/  (adjective)

emotional

Derived Forms:

krasim   /kra.sim/  (noun)

hatred

Derived Forms:

meris   /me.ris/  (noun)

enduring love

Proto-Hick *meru-risu

Derived Forms:

merkran   /mer.kran/  (noun)

emotional pain, heartache

Shows metaphorical conceptualization of emotional pain as heart-piercing

Derived Forms:

merkran'er /mer.kran.ʔer/

to feel emotional pain

merkran + -'er (verbalizer)

mes   /mes/  (noun)

heart

Proto-Hick *mesu

Derived Forms:

mes'er   /mes.ʔer/  (verb)

to feel (emotion), experience emotion

Shows cultural distinction between heart-based emotions and liver-based deeper feelings

Derived Forms:

sibris   /si.bris/  (noun)

love

Proto-Hick *hibrisu

Metaphorical extension from 'fire' to 'passion/love'

Derived Forms:

torthil   /tor.θil/  (noun)

arrogance, haughtiness

Shows ironic compound formation - excessive virtue becoming a flaw

Derived Forms:

Family Terms

brismer   /bris.mer/  (noun)

passionate lover

Shows ambiguous compound analysis between 'passionate-parent' and 'fire-heart'

Derived Forms:

storbran   /stor.bran/  (noun)

marriage, family union

Shows formalization of marriage as union between family lines

Derived Forms:

Fauna

torba   /tor.ba/  (noun)

goat

Derived Forms:

Fire Terms

'ibris'er   /ʔi.bris.ʔer/  (verb)

to burn

Base form for metaphorical extensions to passion and anger

Derived Forms:

Fish Terms

belnes   /bel.nes/  (noun)

mouthed fish

Descriptive compound based on physical feature

Derived Forms:

Flora Terms

bran   /bran/  (noun)

branch

Derived Forms:

branlis   /bran.lis/  (noun)

tree berries; fruit

Metaphorical extension of "child" to "berries" and "fruit," reflecting cultural view of trees as nurturing figures

Derived Forms:

sar   /sar/  (noun)

leaf

Proto-Hick *saru

Derived Forms:

saresp   /sa.resp/  (noun)

sprout

Metaphorical extension of hidden leaf beneath; reflects cultural view of growth as emergence from concealment

Derived Forms:

Flora

asamwen   /a.sam.wen/  (noun)

daffodil

Named for characteristic drooping posture of flower head

Derived Forms:

imtirlis   /im.tir.lis/  (noun)

mushroom

Shows cultural understanding of mushrooms as fruits of decay

Derived Forms:

kel   /kel/  (noun)

sky, blue, leaf

Proto-Hick *kelu

Shows semantic extension from 'leaf' to 'sky', possibly through metaphor of canopy

Derived Forms:

kelwud   /kel.wud/  (noun)

orchard

Shows productive use of kel 'leaf' in botanical compounds

Derived Forms:

kur   /kur/  (noun)

moss, copper

Proto-Hick *kuru

Derived Forms:

malris   /mal.ris/  (noun)

water reed

Derived Forms:

marwud   /mar.wud/  (noun)

red wood

Derived Forms:

ranris   /ran.ris/  (noun)

river reed

Derived Forms:

ris   /ris/  (noun)

reed

Derived Forms:

sed   /sed/  (noun)

seed

Derived Forms:

sedter   /sed.ter/  (noun)

planting time

Derived Forms:

wen   /wen/  (noun)

flower

Derived Forms:

wud   /wud/  (noun)

wood, tree

Derived Forms:

Flower Names

asamwen   /a.sam.wen/  (noun)

daffodil

Named for characteristic drooping posture of flower head

Derived Forms:

Food & Consumption Terms

du   /du/  (noun)

meat

Proto-Hick *duha

Derived Forms:

duwes   /du.wes/  (noun)

food, nourishment

Semantic extension from 'meat-container' to general 'food'

Derived Forms:

duwes'er /du.wes.ʔer/

to eat

duwes + -'er (verbalizer)

kaduwes   /ka.du.wes/  (adjective)

edible

Derived Forms:

kirmil   /kir.mil/  (noun)

chest/organ fat

Derived Forms:

mil   /mil/  (noun)

tallow, animal fat

Proto-Hick *melu

Derived Forms:

milai   /mi.lai/  (noun)

rendered fat, oil

Derived Forms:

palmil   /pal.mil/  (noun)

belly fat

Derived Forms:

sulmil   /sul.mil/  (noun)

liver fat

Derived Forms:

Food & Drink

wak'ai   /wak.ʔai/  (noun)

milk

Derived Forms:

Food Terms

bran   /bran/  (noun)

branch

Derived Forms:

branlis   /bran.lis/  (noun)

tree berries; fruit

Metaphorical extension of "child" to "berries" and "fruit," reflecting cultural view of trees as nurturing figures

Derived Forms:

duwesimris   /du.we.sim.ris/  (verb)

feed

Derived from "duwes" (food) with the ellative case, indicating the act of providing food

Derived Forms:

duwesok   /du.we.sok/  (noun)

eater, consumer

Shows agentive marking

Derived Forms:

duwester   /du.wes.ter/  (noun)

meal time

Shows temporal extension of eating

Derived Forms:

duwesthral   /du.wes.θral/  (noun)

ritual feast

Shows ritual significance of communal eating

Derived Forms:

grased   /gra.sed/  (noun)

grain

Shows typical compound formation for cultivated plants

Derived Forms:

imtir   /im.tir/  (noun)

rot, decay

Shows metaphorical extension of fermentation process to negative outcome

Derived Forms:

imtirdu   /im.tir.du/  (noun)

rotting meat, cadaver

Shows semantic extension from rotting meat to cadaver. Contrasts with du for fresh meat

Derived Forms:

imtirlis   /im.tir.lis/  (noun)

mushroom

Shows cultural understanding of mushrooms as fruits of decay

Derived Forms:

kirmel   /kir.mel/  (noun)

chest fat

Derived Forms:

melter   /mel.ter/  (noun)

honey

Derived Forms:

melterai   /mel.te.rai/  (noun)

mead

Derived Forms:

murduwes   /mur.du.wes/  (noun)

evening meal

Derived Forms:

terok   /te.rok/  (noun)

drinker; drunkard

One who drinks (professionally or habitually)

Derived Forms:

tirai   /ti.rai/  (noun)

fermented drink

Shows cultural knowledge of fermentation process

Derived Forms:

torduwes   /tor.du.wes/  (noun)

feast, great eating

Derived Forms:

tormel   /tor.mel/  (noun)

great fat, tallow

Derived Forms:

Garden Terms

kelwud   /kel.wud/  (noun)

orchard

Shows productive use of kel 'leaf' in botanical compounds

Derived Forms:

riswad   /ris.wad/  (noun)

garden path

Derived Forms:

thragral   /θra.gral/  (noun)

garden

Derived Forms:

wudgral   /wud.gral/  (noun)

orchard

Shows connection between sacred garden and orchard

Derived Forms:

Gender Terms

gal   /gal/  (noun)

man

Shows metaphorical extension of hardness to masculinity

Derived Forms:

'imwen   /ʔim.wen/  (noun)

witch, evil woman

Shows pejorative development in magical terminology

Derived Forms:

wen'al   /wen.ʔal/  (noun)

woman

Derived Forms:

Geographic Terms

airur   /ai.rur/  (noun)

karst, water-carved limestone terrain

Shows water-landform compound pattern common in geographic terms

Derived Forms:

asamgral   /a.sam.gral/  (noun)

flatlands, plains

Shows metaphorical extension from position to terrain type

Derived Forms:

dupgral   /dup.gral/  (noun)

hills, hilly terrain

Shows typical landform compound formation. Contrasts with tor "peak" and gral "flat land"

Derived Forms:

'irurbel   /ʔi.rur.bel/  (noun)

cave

Shows sacred prefix with compound for dark hollow

Derived Forms:

Grammatical Terms

ewes   /e.wes/  (lexinfo:Adposition)

together with; together

Proto-Hick *ʔelu-lawes

From instrumental *ʔelu "by means of" + *lawes "consume", showing semantic development from "consuming with" to general accompaniment

Derived Forms:

'irur   /ʔi.rur/  (noun)

repetition, again

Proto-Hick *heru-heru

From reduplicated form of *heru 'action'. Forms grammaticalized iterative marker -rur/-ur

Derived Forms:

-en   /-en/  (suffix)

that (inanimate, visible, medial)

Proto-Hick *ena

Derived Forms:

-eth   /-eθ/  (suffix)

that (medial, inanimate, hidden, sensed)

Proto-Hick *etha

Derived Forms:

-is   /-is/  (suffix)

this (inanimate, sensed, proximal)

Proto-Hick *isa

Derived Forms:

-nat   /nat/  (suffix)

want to, desire to (desiderative suffix)

Grammaticalized from full verb 'desire' to desiderative suffix

Derived Forms:

-rum   /-rum/  (suffix)

that (animate, distant)

Proto-Hick *ruma

Derived Forms:

-tan   /-tan/  (suffix)

that (animate, visible, medial)

Proto-Hick *tana

Derived Forms:

-thir   /-θir/  (suffix)

that (medial, animate, sensed)

Proto-Hick *thira

Derived Forms:

-um   /-um/  (suffix)

that (inanimate, distant)

Proto-Hick *uma

Derived Forms:

-ʔis   /-ʔis/  (suffix)

this (animate, sensed, proximal)

Proto-Hick *ʔisa

Derived Forms:

Honor Terms

sibar   /si.bar/  (noun)

distinguished one, unique person

Shows development of honorific from concept of unique naming

Derived Forms:

Horticulture Terms

wudgral   /wud.gral/  (noun)

orchard

Shows connection between sacred garden and orchard

Derived Forms:

Household Terms

arasaditar   /a.ra.sa.di.tar/  (noun)

table

Literally "elevated plank"

Derived Forms:

Identity Terms

bar   /bar/  (noun)

name, mark of identity

Proto-Hick *baru

Derived Forms:

barlass /bar.las/

personal name

bar + -las (illative)

barimris /ba.rim.ris/

reputation, public name

bar + -imris (elative)

bar'er /bar.ʔer/

to name, to call

bar + -'er (verbalizer)

thralbar /θral.bar/

sacred name

thral + bar

barul /ba.rul/

name-keeper

bar + -ul (possessive)

mobar /mo.bar/

unnamed, nameless

mo- + bar (negation)

barlas   /bar.las/  (noun)

personal name

Used for intimate/personal names

Derived Forms:

Illness Terms

imbris   /im.bris/  (noun)

fever, harmful heat

Shows productive use of im- prefix for negative conditions

Derived Forms:

Infrastructure

asad   /a.sad/  (noun)

bridge

Proto-Hick *hasa-wadu

Derived Forms:

'eldegralen asadimris   /ʔel.də.gra.len a.sa.dim.ris/  (lexinfo:ProperNoun)

The Elven Bridge

Shows formal preservation of medial marker and elative case

Derived Forms:

Injury Terms

arsil   /ar.sil/  (noun)

open wound, cut

Derived Forms:

kandup   /kan.dup/  (noun)

head lump, bump on head

Derived Forms:

Insect Terms

sinthir   /sin.θir/  (noun)

fly

Derived Forms:

Interrogatives

'aka   /ʔa.ka/  (interrogative)

what

Proto-Hick *haka

Basic question root with archaic animacy marking

Derived Forms:

'aker   /ʔa.ker/  (interrogative)

how (visible/known manner)

Proto-Hick *haka-er-is

Derived Forms:

'akereth   /ʔa.ke.reθ/  (interrogative)

how (sensed manner)

Proto-Hick *haka-er-eth

Derived Forms:

'akerum   /ʔa.ke.rum/  (interrogative)

how (unknown manner)

Proto-Hick *haka-er-um

Derived Forms:

'alis   /ʔa.lis/  (interrogative)

who (visible/known person)

Proto-Hick *haka-lis

Derived Forms:

'alum   /ʔa.lum/  (interrogative)

who (unknown person)

Proto-Hick *haka-al-um

Derived Forms:

'atal   /ʔa.tal/  (interrogative)

where (what-place-PROX.INAN)

Proto-Hick *haka-tal-is

Derived Forms:

'ater   /ʔa.ter/  (interrogative)

when (visible/known time)

Proto-Hick *haka-ter-is

Derived Forms:

'aterbran   /ʔa.ter.bran/  (lexinfo:SubordinatingConjunction)

before

Derived Forms:

'atereth   /ʔa.te.reθ/  (interrogative)

when (sensed time)

Proto-Hick *haka-ter-eth

Derived Forms:

'aterum   /ʔa.te.rum/  (interrogative)

when (unknown time)

Proto-Hick *haka-ter-um

Derived Forms:

'ateth   /ʔa.teθ/  (interrogative)

where (sensed location)

Proto-Hick *haka-tal-eth

Derived Forms:

'atum   /ʔa.tum/  (interrogative)

where (unknown location)

Proto-Hick *haka-tal-um

Derived Forms:

'aleth   /ʔa.leθ/  (pronoun)

who (sensed but not seen)

'aka-'al-eth

Used for heard/sensed but not seen referents

Derived Forms:

'eteleth   /ʔe.te.leθ/  (interrogative)

when (sensed time)

Proto-Hick *haka-tel-eth

Derived Forms:

'etelum   /ʔe.te.lum/  (interrogative)

when (unknown time)

Proto-Hick *haka-tel-um

Derived Forms:

Kinship Terms

ba   /ba/  (noun)

father

Proto-Hick *bahu

Derived Forms:

kethbran   /keθ.bran/  (noun)

kin, extended family

Derived Forms:

lis   /lis/  (noun)

child

Proto-Hick *li-su

From diminutive prefix *li- + *su 'one', lit. 'little one'

Derived Forms:

liba   /li.ba/  (noun)

uncle (paternal)

Derived Forms:

limer   /li.mer/  (noun)

younger parent/aunt/uncle

Derived Forms:

linai   /li.nai/  (noun)

aunt (maternal)

Derived Forms:

merlis   /mer.lis/  (noun)

family line, lineage

Derived Forms:

mer   /mer/  (noun)

bird, parent

Proto-Hick *meru

Derived Forms:

nai   /nai/  (noun)

mother

Proto-Hick *nahi

Derived Forms:

thirlis   /θir.lis/  (noun)

grandchild

Derived Forms:

thirmer   /θir.mer/  (noun)

grandparent

Derived Forms:

tormer   /tor.mer/  (noun)

ancestor

Derived Forms:

tornai   /tor.nai/  (noun)

ancestor (maternal)

Derived Forms:

vinok   /vi.nok/  (noun)

baby, infant

Shows semantic extension from agentive to resultative meaning

Derived Forms:

Knowledge Terms

'ilisimris'er   /ʔi.li.sim.ris.ʔer/  (verb)

to teach

Literally 'to cause knowledge to go out from', showing productive use of ellative for causative meanings

Derived Forms:

Landforms

airur   /ai.rur/  (noun)

karst, water-carved limestone terrain

Shows water-landform compound pattern common in geographic terms

Derived Forms:

dortor   /dor.tor/  (noun)

back slope

Derived Forms:

dortor'er /dor.tor.ʔer/

to slope

dortor + -'er (verbalizer)

dupgral   /dup.gral/  (noun)

hills, hilly terrain

Shows typical landform compound formation. Contrasts with tor "peak" and gral "flat land"

Derived Forms:

'eldegral   /ʔel.də.gral/  (noun)

Feywild

Shows vowel reduction in middle syllable and sacred earth metaphor

Derived Forms:

grasgral   /gras.gral/  (noun)

meadow, grassland

Derived Forms:

'irurbel   /ʔi.rur.bel/  (noun)

cave

Shows sacred prefix with compound for dark hollow

Derived Forms:

imurtor   /i.mur.tor/  (noun)

evil peak, forbidden mountain

Shows compound formation with negative prefix

Derived Forms:

kirtor   /kir.tor/  (noun)

cliff face

Derived Forms:

nagral   /na.gral/  (noun)

black earth

Derived Forms:

palmal   /pal.mal/  (noun)

deep pool

Derived Forms:

parduwes   /par.du.wes/  (noun)

cavern, cave network

Shows compound reduction of grapar-duwes to parduwes

Derived Forms:

parduwes'er /par.du.wes.ʔer/

to form cave networks, to hollow out (of mountains)

parduwes + -'er (verbalizer)

thalgral   /θal.gral/  (noun)

hillside

Derived Forms:

tor   /tor/  (noun)

height, peak

Proto-Hick *toru

Derived Forms:

torken   /tor.ken/  (noun)

snow-peak, snow-capped mountain

Derived Forms:

thragral   /θra.gral/  (noun)

garden

Derived Forms:

togar   /to.gar/  (noun)

limestone, mountain rock

Shows semantic extension from visual similarity between bone and limestone

Derived Forms:

tomal   /to.mal/  (noun)

lake

Derived Forms:

val   /val/  (noun)

valley, water-cut lowland

Proto-Hick *valu

Derived Forms:

Landscape Terms

asamgral   /a.sam.gral/  (noun)

flatlands, plains

Shows metaphorical extension from position to terrain type

Derived Forms:

dor   /dor/  (noun)

back, behind

Proto-Hick *doru

Basic term for back/behind

Derived Forms:

'ibrigral   /ʔib.ri.gral/  (noun)

farmlands, cultivated fields

Shows development from fertilization practice to agricultural land

Derived Forms:

tel   /tel/  (noun)

tail, end

Proto-Hick *telu

Derived Forms:

thal   /θal/  (noun)

side, flank

Proto-Hick *thalu

Derived Forms:

Language Terms

matakulambe   /ma.ta.ku.lam.be/  (noun)

Elven languages (collectively)

Uses Eldrim's own term for their languages collectively. Shows typical compound reduction pattern.

Derived Forms:

murlambe   /mur.lam.be/  (noun)

Dark Elven (Drow)

Parallels ithiril 'Dark Elf', rarely encountered in Early Hick period

Derived Forms:

takulambe   /ta.ku.lam.be/  (noun)

Common Elven (Sindarin-based lingua franca)

Early Hick term for simplified Elven trade language. Shows development of inter-cultural communication

Derived Forms:

takutakal   /ta.ku.ta.kal/  (noun)

language

Shows conceptual link between rhythm and language

Derived Forms:

torlambe   /tor.lam.be/  (noun)

High Elven (Quenya)

Shows parallel formation to toreldal 'High Elf'

Derived Forms:

takal   /ta.kal/  (noun)

word

Metaphorical extension from takutakal, conceptualizing word as single unit of language rhythm.

Derived Forms:

wudlambe   /wud.lam.be/  (noun)

Wood Elven (Sindarin)

Parallels edel 'Wood Elf', most common Elven contact language

Derived Forms:

Learning Terms

'ilistal   /ʔi.lis.tal/  (noun)

library, school

Shows development of dedicated learning spaces

Derived Forms:

'ilistal'er /ʔi.lis.tal.ʔer/

to study formally, to attend school

'ilistal + -'er (verbalizer)

'ilistal   /ʔi.lis.tal/  (noun)

library, school

Shows development of dedicated learning spaces

Derived Forms:

'ilistal'er /ʔi.lis.tal.ʔer/

to study formally, to attend school

'ilistal + -'er (verbalizer)

Life Stages

vinlas   /vin.las/  (noun)

fetus, unborn child

Shows lexicalization of case marking spatial relationship

Derived Forms:

vinok   /vi.nok/  (noun)

baby, infant

Shows semantic extension from agentive to resultative meaning

Derived Forms:

Light Terms

kathrakel   /ka.θra.kel/  (adjective)

bright, shining

Derived Forms:

Love Terms

brismer   /bris.mer/  (noun)

passionate lover

Shows ambiguous compound analysis between 'passionate-parent' and 'fire-heart'

Derived Forms:

Magic Terms

'imwen   /ʔim.wen/  (noun)

witch, evil woman

Shows pejorative development in magical terminology

Derived Forms:

wenkulok   /wen.ku.lok/  (noun)

sorceress

Shows regularization of gender marking in professional terms

Derived Forms:

Magical Terms

imurkulok   /i.mur.ku.lok/  (noun)

necromancer

Derived Forms:

kul   /kul/  (noun)

magic, sorcery

Proto-Hick *kulu

Derived Forms:

kul-'er /kul.ʔer/

to perform magic

kul + -'er (verbalizer)

kulok /ku.lok/

sorcerer

kul + -ok (agentive)

kul'er   /kul.ʔer/  (verb)

to perform magic

Derived Forms:

malthrenok   /mal.θre.nok/  (noun)

pool-watcher, diviner

Derived Forms:

tenwa   /ten.wa/  (noun)

writing; spellcraft

Eldrim tengwa

Shows semantic extension from basic writing to magical inscription

Derived Forms:

tenwa'er /ten.wa.ʔer/

to write; to make spells

tenwa + -'er (verbalizer)

Manner

'aker   /ʔa.ker/  (interrogative)

how (visible/known manner)

Proto-Hick *haka-er-is

Derived Forms:

'akereth   /ʔa.ke.reθ/  (interrogative)

how (sensed manner)

Proto-Hick *haka-er-eth

Derived Forms:

'akerum   /ʔa.ke.rum/  (interrogative)

how (unknown manner)

Proto-Hick *haka-er-um

Derived Forms:

Maritime Terms

aitarulbres   /ai.ta.rul.bres/  (noun)

west wind

Derived Forms:

bramis   /bra.mis/  (noun)

sea mist, coastal fog

Derived Forms:

bel   /bel/  (noun)

mouth, opening

Proto-Hick *belu

Basic term for mouth/opening

Derived Forms:

bram   /bram/  (noun)

tide, tidal water

Proto-Hick *bramu

Basic term for tidal phenomena

Derived Forms:

bramal   /bra.mal/  (noun)

tidal pool

Shows nasal deletion in compounds

Derived Forms:

brammater   /bram.ma.ter/  (noun)

river-vessel

Shows compound formation pattern for vessel types

Derived Forms:

bramulis   /bra.mu.lis/  (noun)

vortex, whirlpool

Literally "tide's eye". Shows coda simplification where final -l of bramul merges with initial l- of lis

Derived Forms:

dor   /dor/  (noun)

back, behind

Proto-Hick *doru

Basic term for back/behind

Derived Forms:

kaketh   /ka.keθ/  (adjective)

salty

Derived Forms:

kethul   /ke.θul/  (noun)

east

Shows maritime influence on eastern regions

Derived Forms:

kethulbres   /ke.θul.bres/  (noun)

east wind

Derived Forms:

kethmater   /keθ.ma.ter/  (noun)

sea vessel

Derived Forms:

ketnes   /ket.nes/  (noun)

sea fish

Derived Forms:

materok   /ma.te.rok/  (noun)

vessel-guide, boatman

Derived Forms:

ranes   /ra.nes/  (noun)

river fish

Derived Forms:

rantirdu   /ran.tir.du/  (noun)

piracy, maritime raiding

Reanalyzed from rantirduok without agentive -ok

Derived Forms:

rantirduok   /ran.tir.du.ok/  (noun)

pirate, maritime raider

Originally 'river raider', extended to all maritime thieves. Shows compound reduction of imtirduok.

Derived Forms:

rismater   /ris.ma.ter/  (noun)

reed-vessel

Derived Forms:

sin   /sin/  (noun)

floating

Proto-Hick *senu

Derived Forms:

sinas   /si.nas/  (noun)

drift, passage

Proto-Hick *senu-asa-u

Literally 'floating through', shows typical compound reduction

Derived Forms:

wudmater   /wud.ma.ter/  (noun)

wood-vessel

Derived Forms:

Marriage Terms

'irursibris   /ʔi.rur.sib.ris/  (noun)

ceremonial gift, dowry

Used for ceremonial and marriage gifts

Derived Forms:

Material Culture

ger   /ger/  (noun)

metal

Proto-Hick *kuru-garu

Derived Forms:

'iruretil   /ʔi.ru.re.til/  (noun)

gift

Shows cultural link between containers and proper gifts

Derived Forms:

ir   /ir/  (noun)

iron

Proto-Hick *xiru

Basic term for iron, shows early mining culture

Derived Forms:

kur   /kur/  (noun)

moss, copper

Proto-Hick *kuru

Derived Forms:

Material Terms

asatogar   /a.sa.to.gar/  (noun)

travertine

Named for its flowing, vine-like mineral formations

Derived Forms:

krakiger   /krak.i.ger/  (noun)

flint, chert

Proto-Hick *kraku-garu

Derived Forms:

kurtin   /kur.tin/  (noun)

bronze

Derived Forms:

sil   /sil/  (noun)

hide, skin

Proto-Hick *silu

Derived Forms:

tin   /tin/  (noun)

tin

Proto-Hick *tinu

Derived Forms:

togar   /to.gar/  (noun)

limestone, mountain rock

Shows semantic extension from visual similarity between bone and limestone

Derived Forms:

tormel   /tor.mel/  (noun)

great fat, tallow

Derived Forms:

Measurement Terms

barakter   /ba.rak.ter/  (noun)

league (distance walkable in one hour, roughly 3-4 miles)

Distance measure based on one hour's walking time. Shows temporal suffix used for distance measurement.

Derived Forms:

rakter /rak.ter/

colloquial form for league

shortened form of barakter

brastran   /bras.tran/  (noun)

foot (unit of length, approximately arm-length)

Shows development of -ran as measurement suffix from *haranu 'length'

Derived Forms:

uran   /u.rən/  (noun)

inch (unit of length, approximately thumb-width)

Proto-Hick *ulu-haranu

Shows development of measurement system from body parts

Derived Forms:

Medial Forms

'aleth   /ʔa.leθ/  (pronoun)

who (sensed but not seen)

'aka-'al-eth

Used for heard/sensed but not seen referents

Derived Forms:

Medial

'akereth   /ʔa.ke.reθ/  (interrogative)

how (sensed manner)

Proto-Hick *haka-er-eth

Derived Forms:

'atereth   /ʔa.te.reθ/  (interrogative)

when (sensed time)

Proto-Hick *haka-ter-eth

Derived Forms:

'ateth   /ʔa.teθ/  (interrogative)

where (sensed location)

Proto-Hick *haka-tal-eth

Derived Forms:

'eteleth   /ʔe.te.leθ/  (interrogative)

when (sensed time)

Proto-Hick *haka-tel-eth

Derived Forms:

Medical Terms

arsil   /ar.sil/  (noun)

open wound, cut

Derived Forms:

dudup   /du.dup/  (noun)

swollen muscle

Derived Forms:

dup   /dup/  (noun)

pearl; lump, mass

Proto-Hick *dupu

Shows semantic extension from 'pearl' to general 'rounded mass'

Derived Forms:

gralimris   /gra.lim.ris/  (noun)

excrement

Derived Forms:

imbris   /im.bris/  (noun)

fever, harmful heat

Shows productive use of im- prefix for negative conditions

Derived Forms:

kandup   /kan.dup/  (noun)

head lump, bump on head

Derived Forms:

Mental Terms

gnater   /gna.ter/  (verb)

desire

Derived Forms:

'ilis   /ʔi.lis/  (noun)

knowledge

Proto-Hick *hi-lisu

Semantic extension from 'sight' to 'knowledge'

Derived Forms:

'ilis'er /ʔi.lis.ʔer/

to know

'ilis + -'er (verbalizer)

'ilisal   /ʔi.li.sal/  (noun)

visit (a place), experience personally, confirm via experiment

Shows semantic development from 'knowledge-person' to active experiential learning

Derived Forms:

'ilisal'er /ʔi.li.sal.ʔer/

to visit, to experience firsthand

'ilisal + -'er (verbalizer)

'ilisal   /ʔi.li.sal/  (noun)

visit (a place), experience personally, confirm via experiment

Shows semantic development from 'knowledge-person' to active experiential learning

Derived Forms:

'ilisal'er /ʔi.li.sal.ʔer/

to visit, to experience firsthand

'ilisal + -'er (verbalizer)

'ilisal   /ʔi.li.sal/  (noun)

visit (a place), experience personally, confirm via experiment

Shows semantic development from 'knowledge-person' to active experiential learning

Derived Forms:

'ilisal'er /ʔi.li.sal.ʔer/

to visit, to experience firsthand

'ilisal + -'er (verbalizer)

'ilisimris   /ʔi.li.sim.ris/  (verb)

to teach

Shows productive use of ellative for causative meanings

Derived Forms:

'ilisok   /ʔi.li.sok/  (noun)

teacher

Derived Forms:

imlis   /im.lis/  (noun)

fear, dread

Shows semantic development from 'seeing evil' to general fear

Derived Forms:

imlisrur   /im.lis.rur/  (noun)

anxiety, constant fear

Shows extension of iterative aspect to ongoing mental state

Derived Forms:

'imsai   /ʔim.sai/  (noun)

self-doubt, anxiety

Shows cultural conceptualization of anxiety as negative self-reflection

Derived Forms:

'imsai'er /ʔim.sai.ʔer/

to doubt oneself, be anxious

'imsai + -'er (verbalizer)

imerlas   /i.mer.las/  (noun)

inspiration

Shows productive use of illative case for inward inspiration

Derived Forms:

kasai   /kas.əi/  (noun)

introspection, self-reflection

From ancient practice of water-gazing meditation. Shows metaphorical extension from physical reflection to mental contemplation

Derived Forms:

mulis   /mu.lis/  (noun)

dream, vision

Proto-Hick *muruhilisu

Derived Forms:

mulisim   /mu.li.sim/  (noun)

to enter a dream state

Derived Forms:

mulisimris   /mu.li.sim.ris/  (noun)

to awaken from a dream

Derived Forms:

mulislas   /mu.lis.las/  (noun)

to enter a dream

Derived Forms:

mulisthral   /mu.lis.θral/  (noun)

prophetic dream

Derived Forms:

sai   /sai/  (noun)

sense of self, inner voice

Shows folk etymology where kasai 'introspection' (< kasu-ai 'reflection-water') was reanalyzed as ka-sai leading to extraction of sai as independent term

Derived Forms:

sai   /sai/  (noun)

sense of self, inner voice

Shows folk etymology where kasai 'introspection' (< kasu-ai 'reflection-water') was reanalyzed as ka-sai leading to extraction of sai as independent term

Derived Forms:

Metal Terms

kurtin   /kur.tin/  (noun)

bronze

Derived Forms:

tin   /tin/  (noun)

tin

Proto-Hick *tinu

Derived Forms:

Metals

ger   /ger/  (noun)

metal

Proto-Hick *kuru-garu

Derived Forms:

grakur   /gra.kur/  (noun)

grey copper

Shows descriptive compound formation for metal types

Derived Forms:

ir   /ir/  (noun)

iron

Proto-Hick *xiru

Basic term for iron, shows early mining culture

Derived Forms:

kur   /kur/  (noun)

moss, copper

Proto-Hick *kuru

Derived Forms:

Military Terms

brastak   /bras.tak/  (noun)

weapons, armaments

Shows metonymic extension from action to implements

Derived Forms:

mabarak   /ma.ba.rak/  (noun)

march, collective walking

Collective motion from plural marker

Derived Forms:

mabarak'er /ma.ba.rak.ʔer/

to march

mabarak + -'er (verbalizer)

Military

branlir   /bran.lir/  (noun)

watchtower

Proto-Hick *bran-lir

Military architecture term

Derived Forms:

Moral Terms

thil   /θil/  (noun)

virtue, moral

Proto-Hick *halu

Abstract sense developed from basic meaning

Derived Forms:

Motion Terms

aiesp   /ai.esp/  (noun)

bathe

Shows lexicalization of subessive case into basic verb stem

Derived Forms:

aiesp'er /ai.esp.ʔer/

to bathe, to immerse in water

aiesp + -'er (verbalizer)

barak   /ba.rak/  (noun)

walking, gait

Proto-Hick *baraku

Forms verb barak'er "to walk" with -'er suffix

Derived Forms:

eter   /e.ter/  (noun)

flow of things; correct ordering, sorting

Shows metaphorical extension of flow to proper arrangement

Derived Forms:

'ilisal   /ʔi.li.sal/  (noun)

visit (a place), experience personally, confirm via experiment

Shows semantic development from 'knowledge-person' to active experiential learning

Derived Forms:

'ilisal'er /ʔi.li.sal.ʔer/

to visit, to experience firsthand

'ilisal + -'er (verbalizer)

imasam   /i.ma.sam/  (verb)

to cower, hide from fear

Shows metaphorical extension of 'resting under' to fearful hiding

Derived Forms:

imlis'er   /im.li.sʔer/  (verb)

to flee, run from fear

Shows natural development from fear to flight response

Derived Forms:

imlisitar   /im.li.si.tar/  (verb)

to flinch, startle

Uses superlative case to indicate sudden upward movement

Derived Forms:

'ir   /ʔir/  (noun)

movement, motion

Proto-Hick *heru

Source of verbalizer suffix -'er through grammaticalization

Derived Forms:

'irur   /ʔi.rur/  (noun)

repetition, again

Proto-Hick *heru-heru

From reduplicated form of *heru 'action'. Forms grammaticalized iterative marker -rur/-ur

Derived Forms:

mabarak   /ma.ba.rak/  (noun)

march, collective walking

Collective motion from plural marker

Derived Forms:

mabarak'er /ma.ba.rak.ʔer/

to march

mabarak + -'er (verbalizer)

par   /par/  (verb)

crawl

*paru-heru

Shows semantic development from 'belly-motion' to general 'crawl'

Derived Forms:

sin   /sin/  (noun)

floating

Proto-Hick *senu

Derived Forms:

sinas   /si.nas/  (noun)

drift, passage

Proto-Hick *senu-asa-u

Literally 'floating through', shows typical compound reduction

Derived Forms:

ter   /ter/  (noun)

flow, fluid motion

Proto-Hick *teru

Derived Forms:

ter'er /ter.ʔer/

to drink

ter + -'er (verbalizer)

tagimris   /tag.im.ris/  (verb)

give

Shows common pattern of ellative case marking motion from hand. Contrasts with taglas 'take'.

Derived Forms:

taglas   /tag.las/  (verb)

take, receive

Shows common pattern of illative case marking motion into hand. Contrasts with tagimris 'give'.

Derived Forms:

terimris   /te.rim.ris/  (noun)

next

Shows conceptualization of future as flow outward. Contrasts with terlas.

Derived Forms:

terlas   /ter.las/  (noun)

previous

Shows conceptualization of past as flow inward. Contrasts with terimris.

Derived Forms:

trask'er   /tras.kʔer/  (verb)

to run

Shows semantic extension from body part to motion

Derived Forms:

ven'er   /ven.ʔer/  (verb)

to carry

Derived Forms:

Movement Terms

barak   /ba.rak/  (noun)

walking, gait

Proto-Hick *baraku

Forms verb barak'er "to walk" with -'er suffix

Derived Forms:

Music Terms

meltek   /mel.tek/  (noun)

song, melodic rhythm

Proto-Hick *melu-takutaku

Shows preservation of first syllable of second element in compound reduction

Derived Forms:

meltek'er /mel.tek.ʔer/

to sing

meltek + -'er (verbalizer)

meltek   /mel.tek/  (noun)

song, melodic rhythm

Proto-Hick *melu-takutaku

Shows preservation of first syllable of second element in compound reduction

Derived Forms:

meltek'er /mel.tek.ʔer/

to sing

meltek + -'er (verbalizer)

Musical Terms

'iltakutak   /ʔil.ta.ku.tak/  (noun)

good-rhythm, harmonious relationship

Derived Forms:

takutak   /ta.ku.tak/  (noun)

rhythm

Proto-Hick *takutaku

Preserves onomatopoeic reduplication

Derived Forms:

takutek   /ta.ku.tek/  (noun)

rhythm

Proto-Hick *takutaku

Preserves onomatopoeic reduplication

Derived Forms:

Mythological Terms

lik   /lik/  (noun)

dragon

Shows semantic narrowing from general serpentine being to specific dragon concept

Derived Forms:

parduwes   /par.du.wes/  (noun)

cavern, cave network

Shows compound reduction of grapar-duwes to parduwes

Derived Forms:

parduwes'er /par.du.wes.ʔer/

to form cave networks, to hollow out (of mountains)

parduwes + -'er (verbalizer)

Name Terms

barlas   /bar.las/  (noun)

personal name

Used for intimate/personal names

Derived Forms:

thralbar   /θral.bar/  (noun)

sacred name

Derived Forms:

Natural Features

'it   /ʔit/  (noun)

knot (in wood), falsehood

Proto-Hick *xitu

Derived Forms:

Natural Terms

brises   /bri.ses/  (noun)

light, illumination; discover, explore

Proto-Hick *brisu-wesu

Shows metaphorical extension of "embraced heat" to light/illumination. Forms verb brises'er "to shine", further extended of illumination to discovery and exploration

Derived Forms:

dup   /dup/  (noun)

pearl; lump, mass

Proto-Hick *dupu

Shows semantic extension from 'pearl' to general 'rounded mass'

Derived Forms:

Natural World

ai   /ai/  (noun)

water

Proto-Hick *ahi

Derived Forms:

aitar   /ai.tar/  (noun)

rain

Derived Forms:

al   /al/  (noun)

natural rock

Proto-Hick *xalu

Derived Forms:

asatogar   /a.sa.to.gar/  (noun)

travertine

Named for its flowing, vine-like mineral formations

Derived Forms:

bramis   /bra.mis/  (noun)

sea mist, coastal fog

Derived Forms:

dortor   /dor.tor/  (noun)

back slope

Derived Forms:

dortor'er /dor.tor.ʔer/

to slope

dortor + -'er (verbalizer)

gar   /gar/  (noun)

stone

Proto-Hick *garu

Derived Forms:

gral   /gral/  (noun)

earth, soil

Proto-Hick *gralu

Derived Forms:

gras   /gras/  (noun)

grass

Proto-Hick *grasu

Derived Forms:

gras'er /gras.ʔer/

to graze

gras + -'er (verbalizer)

kel   /kel/  (noun)

sky, blue, leaf

Proto-Hick *kelu

Shows semantic extension from 'leaf' to 'sky', possibly through metaphor of canopy

Derived Forms:

kirtor   /kir.tor/  (noun)

cliff face

Derived Forms:

kakethmal   /ka.keθ.mal/  (noun)

brine pool

Derived Forms:

limal   /li.mal/  (noun)

pond

Derived Forms:

melter   /mel.ter/  (noun)

honey

Derived Forms:

miral   /mi.ral/  (noun)

cold pool, spring

Derived Forms:

mal   /mal/  (noun)

pool, standing water

Proto-Hick *malu

Derived Forms:

miraitar   /mi.rai.tar/  (noun)

cold rain

Derived Forms:

nagral   /na.gral/  (noun)

black earth

Derived Forms:

palmal   /pal.mal/  (noun)

deep pool

Derived Forms:

ran   /ran/  (noun)

stream, flowing water

Proto-Hick *ranu

Derived Forms:

thalgral   /θal.gral/  (noun)

hillside

Derived Forms:

tor   /tor/  (noun)

height, peak

Proto-Hick *toru

Derived Forms:

toran   /to.ran/  (noun)

river, flowing water

Proto-Hick *ranu

Derived Forms:

val   /val/  (noun)

valley, water-cut lowland

Proto-Hick *valu

Derived Forms:

Negation

im   /im/  (noun)

evil, abstract negativity

Proto-Hick *ʔimru

Derived Forms:

imur   /i.mur/  (noun)

evil, negative force

Proto-Hick *imuru

Derived Forms:

Nocturnal Animals

murmer   /mur.mer/  (noun)

night-bird, owl

Derived Forms:

Nocturnal Terms

thurmur   /θur.mur/  (noun)

dusk owl

Proto-Hick *thuru-muru-meru

Shows compound reduction

Derived Forms:

tomur   /to.mur/  (noun)

great owl

Shows liquid deletion and vowel reduction

Derived Forms:

Number System

haran   /ha.ran/  (noun)

split, separate, divide (numbers)

Proto-Hick *haranu

Derived Forms:

keth   /keθ/  (numeral)

hundred

Proto-Hick *kethu

Derived Forms:

kres   /kres/  (numeral)

eight

Proto-Hick *kresu

Derived Forms:

sin   /sin/  (numeral)

one

Proto-Hick *su-inu

From counting form with *-inu suffix

Derived Forms:

Number Terms

anin   /a.nin/  (numeral)

four

Proto-Hick *xanu-inu

Counting form

Derived Forms:

pil   /pil/  (noun)

five

Proto-Hick *pilu

basic form

Derived Forms:

pran   /pran/  (noun)

seven

Proto-Hick *pran-inu

counting form

Derived Forms:

sek   /sek/  (noun)

six

Proto-Hick *seku

Basic form

Derived Forms:

sinkres   /sin.kres/  (numeral)

nine

Derived Forms:

thran   /θran/  (numeral)

thousand

Proto-Hick *thran-inu

From counting form

Derived Forms:

tirkres   /tir.kres/  (numeral)

ten

Derived Forms:

Occupations

'ilisok   /ʔi.li.sok/  (noun)

teacher

Derived Forms:

materok   /ma.te.rok/  (noun)

vessel-guide, boatman

Derived Forms:

sedok   /se.dok/  (noun)

planter, farmer

Derived Forms:

Pastoral Terms

gras   /gras/  (noun)

grass

Proto-Hick *grasu

Derived Forms:

gras'er /gras.ʔer/

to graze

gras + -'er (verbalizer)

grasgral   /gras.gral/  (noun)

meadow, grassland

Derived Forms:

rok   /rok/  (noun)

horse

Derived Forms:

torba   /tor.ba/  (noun)

goat

Derived Forms:

Pasture Terms

graswad   /gras.wad/  (noun)

pasture path

Derived Forms:

Path Terms

imurwad   /i.mur.wad/  (noun)

evil path, dangerous route

Shows compound formation with negative prefix

Derived Forms:

riswad   /ris.wad/  (noun)

garden path

Derived Forms:

Peoples

toreldal   /to.rel.dal/  (noun)

High Elf

From first elven migration period, uses native augmentative to distinguish High Elves

Derived Forms:

Perception Terms

hilis   /hi.lis/  (noun)

sight, active vision

Proto-Hick *hilisu

Forms two contrasting verbs: hilis'er (active looking) vs his'er (passive seeing)

Derived Forms:

his   /his/  (verb)

to see (passive/unintentional perception)

Proto-Hick *hisu

Reintroduced from dialect to maintain distinction from demonstrative -is

Derived Forms:

hisimris   /hi.sim.ris/  (verb)

show

Shows productive use of ellative case for causative meanings

Derived Forms:

'ilis   /ʔi.lis/  (noun)

knowledge

Proto-Hick *hi-lisu

Semantic extension from 'sight' to 'knowledge'

Derived Forms:

'ilis'er /ʔi.lis.ʔer/

to know

'ilis + -'er (verbalizer)

pir   /pir/  (noun)

ear

Proto-Hick *piru

Derived Forms:

pir'er /pir.ʔer/

to listen

pir + -'er (verbalizer)

pirlas   /pir.las/  (noun)

hearing

Derived Forms:

pirlas'er   /pir.las.ʔer/  (verb)

to hear

Derived Forms:

Performance Terms

meltek   /mel.tek/  (noun)

song, melodic rhythm

Proto-Hick *melu-takutaku

Shows preservation of first syllable of second element in compound reduction

Derived Forms:

meltek'er /mel.tek.ʔer/

to sing

meltek + -'er (verbalizer)

Person Terms

'al   /ʔal/  (noun)

person

Proto-Hick hi- + *ʔalu

From animacy marker + basic person term

Derived Forms:

brismer   /bris.mer/  (noun)

passionate lover

Shows ambiguous compound analysis between 'passionate-parent' and 'fire-heart'

Derived Forms:

duwesok   /du.we.sok/  (noun)

eater, consumer

Shows agentive marking

Derived Forms:

edel   /e.del/  (noun)

Wood Elf

Sindarin eðel + pre-Early Hick ʔal

Borrowed term for Wood Elves

Derived Forms:

'eldal   /ʔel.dal/  (noun)

elf (individual)

Borrowing from Sindarin eldrim with native person marker

Derived Forms:

'eldalok   /ʔel.da.lok/  (noun)

elven people

Collective form using agentive suffix to mark social group

Derived Forms:

gal   /gal/  (noun)

man

Shows metaphorical extension of hardness to masculinity

Derived Forms:

imasamok   /i.ma.sa.mok/  (noun)

coward

Shows productive use of agentive suffix with compound base

Derived Forms:

'irurlis   /ʔi.rur.lis/  (noun)

cave dweller

Compound of sacred cave term with person marker

Derived Forms:

im'irok   /im.ʔi.rok/  (noun)

enemy, adversary

Shows productive use of agentive suffix with abstract concepts

Derived Forms:

ithiril   /i.θi.ril/  (noun)

Dark Elf

Borrowed term for Dark Elves

Derived Forms:

kiris   /ki.ris/  (noun)

outsider

Proto-Hick *kiru-ʔisu

Shows archaic directional suffix

Derived Forms:

kiriter   /ki.ri.ter/  (noun)

foreigner, stranger

Borrowed from inland dialects with productive ellative suffix -iter (vs coastal -imris)

Derived Forms:

liba   /li.ba/  (noun)

uncle (paternal)

Derived Forms:

limer   /li.mer/  (noun)

younger parent/aunt/uncle

Derived Forms:

linai   /li.nai/  (noun)

aunt (maternal)

Derived Forms:

mobar   /mo.bar/  (noun)

nameless one

Derived Forms:

ma'al   /ma.ʔal/  (noun)

community, tribe

Derived Forms:

natlas   /nat.las/  (noun)

friend

Shows cluster simplification and case lexicalization. From 'one in a state of desire/affection' to 'friend'

Derived Forms:

sibar   /si.bar/  (noun)

distinguished one, unique person

Shows development of honorific from concept of unique naming

Derived Forms:

terok   /te.rok/  (noun)

drinker; drunkard

One who drinks (professionally or habitually)

Derived Forms:

vinlas   /vin.las/  (noun)

fetus, unborn child

Shows lexicalization of case marking spatial relationship

Derived Forms:

vinok   /vi.nok/  (noun)

baby, infant

Shows semantic extension from agentive to resultative meaning

Derived Forms:

wen'al   /wen.ʔal/  (noun)

woman

Derived Forms:

Personal

'alis   /ʔa.lis/  (interrogative)

who (visible/known person)

Proto-Hick *haka-lis

Derived Forms:

'alum   /ʔa.lum/  (interrogative)

who (unknown person)

Proto-Hick *haka-al-um

Derived Forms:

Philosophical Terms

etilsim   /e.til.sim/  (adverb)

everything changes/transforms (with implications of resignation/indifference)

Shows lexicalization of translative case into expression of both transformation and resignation

Derived Forms:

wad   /wad/  (noun)

path, way, manner

Proto-Hick *wadu

Derived Forms:

Physical Sensation

pakupak   /ˈpa.ku.pək/  (noun)

tickle

Proto-Hick *pakupaku

Derived Forms:

Physical States

krantak   /kran.tak/  (noun)

physical pain

Shows cultural distinction between physical and emotional pain

Derived Forms:

siltak'er /sil.tak.ʔer/

to feel physical pain

siltak + -'er (verbalizer)

kaimpal   /ka.im.pal/  (adjective)

weak, feeble

Shows metaphorical extension of belly/gut health to general strength

Derived Forms:

kapal   /ka.pal/  (adjective)

strong, vigorous

Shows metaphorical extension of belly/gut health to general strength

Derived Forms:

kasul   /ka.sul/  (adjective)

energetic

Derived Forms:

Place Names

'eldegralen asadimris   /ʔel.də.gra.len a.sa.dim.ris/  (lexinfo:ProperNoun)

The Elven Bridge

Shows formal preservation of medial marker and elative case

Derived Forms:

Place Terms

gransed   /gran.sed/  (noun)

grain

Derived Forms:

Plant Terms

asa   /a.sa/  (noun)

vine

Proto-Hick *hasa

Shows regular loss of initial h-

Derived Forms:

gransed   /gran.sed/  (noun)

grain

Derived Forms:

gras   /gras/  (noun)

grass

Proto-Hick *grasu

Derived Forms:

gras'er /gras.ʔer/

to graze

gras + -'er (verbalizer)

grasgral   /gras.gral/  (noun)

meadow, grassland

Derived Forms:

grased   /gra.sed/  (noun)

grain

Shows typical compound formation for cultivated plants

Derived Forms:

kel   /kel/  (noun)

sky, blue, leaf

Proto-Hick *kelu

Shows semantic extension from 'leaf' to 'sky', possibly through metaphor of canopy

Derived Forms:

kur   /kur/  (noun)

moss, copper

Proto-Hick *kuru

Derived Forms:

malris   /mal.ris/  (noun)

water reed

Derived Forms:

marwud   /mar.wud/  (noun)

red wood

Derived Forms:

ranris   /ran.ris/  (noun)

river reed

Derived Forms:

ris   /ris/  (noun)

reed

Derived Forms:

sed   /sed/  (noun)

seed

Derived Forms:

sedgral   /sed.gral/  (noun)

field

Derived Forms:

sedter   /sed.ter/  (noun)

planting time

Derived Forms:

wen   /wen/  (noun)

flower

Derived Forms:

wud   /wud/  (noun)

wood, tree

Derived Forms:

Political Terms

ma'al   /ma.ʔal/  (noun)

community, tribe

Derived Forms:

Position Terms

asamasam   /a.sa.ma.sam/  (verb)

to lie down

From asam "rest" with subessive case -asam, literally "rest downward". Shows parallel formation to asamitar "sit"

Derived Forms:

asamitar   /a.sa.mi.tar/  (verb)

to sit, rest upon

From asam "rest, resting place" with superessive case, literally "rest upon". Shows common pattern of case suffixes becoming lexicalized into verbs

Derived Forms:

imasam   /i.ma.sam/  (verb)

to cower, hide from fear

Shows metaphorical extension of 'resting under' to fearful hiding

Derived Forms:

'irek   /ʔi.rek/  (noun)

stand, firmness

Proto-Hick *hi-reku

Shows archaic animacy marking through glottal prefix

Derived Forms:

'irek'er /ʔi.rek.ʔer/

to stand

'irek + -'er (verbalizer)

kabran   /ka.bran/  (adjective)

crooked, leaning

From metaphorical extension of branch growth patterns

Derived Forms:

Precipitation

aitar   /ai.tar/  (noun)

rain

Derived Forms:

bramis   /bra.mis/  (noun)

sea mist, coastal fog

Derived Forms:

miraitar   /mi.rai.tar/  (noun)

cold rain

Derived Forms:

Preparation Terms

kirmil   /kir.mil/  (noun)

chest/organ fat

Derived Forms:

milai   /mi.lai/  (noun)

rendered fat, oil

Derived Forms:

palmil   /pal.mil/  (noun)

belly fat

Derived Forms:

sulmil   /sul.mil/  (noun)

liver fat

Derived Forms:

Process Terms

imtir   /im.tir/  (noun)

rot, decay

Shows metaphorical extension of fermentation process to negative outcome

Derived Forms:

Professional Terms

rantirduok   /ran.tir.du.ok/  (noun)

pirate, maritime raider

Originally 'river raider', extended to all maritime thieves. Shows compound reduction of imtirduok.

Derived Forms:

wenkulok   /wen.ku.lok/  (noun)

sorceress

Shows regularization of gender marking in professional terms

Derived Forms:

Proximal

'aker   /ʔa.ker/  (interrogative)

how (visible/known manner)

Proto-Hick *haka-er-is

Derived Forms:

'alis   /ʔa.lis/  (interrogative)

who (visible/known person)

Proto-Hick *haka-lis

Derived Forms:

'atal   /ʔa.tal/  (interrogative)

where (what-place-PROX.INAN)

Proto-Hick *haka-tal-is

Derived Forms:

'ater   /ʔa.ter/  (interrogative)

when (visible/known time)

Proto-Hick *haka-ter-is

Derived Forms:

Regional Terms

libres   /li.bres/  (noun)

gentle wind

Derived Forms:

Religious Terms

imthral   /im.θral/  (noun)

evil deity

Compound fusion, maintains second element due to sacred term

Derived Forms:

tharala   /θa.ra.la/  (noun)

deity

Proto-Hick *harala

Religious term showing resistance to regular sound changes

Derived Forms:

Ritual Terms

'irai   /ʔi.rai/  (noun)

sacred water

Shows sacred prefix with basic term for water

Derived Forms:

Rituals

sedter   /sed.ter/  (noun)

planting time

Derived Forms:

Sacred Terms

brises   /bri.ses/  (noun)

light, illumination; discover, explore

Proto-Hick *brisu-wesu

Shows metaphorical extension of "embraced heat" to light/illumination. Forms verb brises'er "to shine", further extended of illumination to discovery and exploration

Derived Forms:

dakisa   /da.ki.sa/  (noun)

infatuation

Proto-Hick *daluku-isa-hihasa

Literally "snake in the gut"; metaphorical extension for intense desire

Derived Forms:

duwesthral   /du.wes.θral/  (noun)

ritual feast

Shows ritual significance of communal eating

Derived Forms:

'eldegralen asadimris   /ʔel.də.gra.len a.sa.dim.ris/  (lexinfo:ProperNoun)

The Elven Bridge

Shows formal preservation of medial marker and elative case

Derived Forms:

'etil   /ʔe.til/  (noun)

living thing

Proto-Hick *hi-etilu

Derived Forms:

'eldal   /ʔel.dal/  (noun)

elf (individual)

Borrowing from Sindarin eldrim with native person marker

Derived Forms:

'eldalok   /ʔel.da.lok/  (noun)

elven people

Collective form using agentive suffix to mark social group

Derived Forms:

'eldegral   /ʔel.də.gral/  (noun)

Feywild

Shows vowel reduction in middle syllable and sacred earth metaphor

Derived Forms:

'il   /ʔil/  (noun)

good, kind

Proto-Hick *hi-halu

Shows archaic animacy marking through glottal prefix

Derived Forms:

'ilibris   /ʔi.li.bris/  (noun)

passion; inspire fervor

Shows positive metaphorical extension of burning sensation

Derived Forms:

'ilibris'er   /ʔi.li.bris.ʔer/  (verb)

(euphemistic) to make love, have sexual intercourse

Euphemistic term derived from 'ilibris 'passion'. Shows cultural preference for metaphors of warmth/fire in intimate contexts.

Derived Forms:

'ilitar sarespes   /ʔi.li.tar sa.res.pes/  (ontolex:MultiwordExpression, lexinfo:MultiwordExpression)

Happy New Year (greeting)

Derived Forms:

'imer   /ʔi.mer/  (noun)

life

Proto-Hick *hi-mer

Derived Forms:

'imeritares   /ʔi.me.ri.ta.res/  (noun)

welcome; raised spirits

Dialectal loss of initial glottal allows reanalysis with imer 'breath/soul'

Derived Forms:

imibris   /im.i.bris/  (noun)

rage, anger; wrath

Shows negative metaphorical extension of burning sensation

Derived Forms:

imurkulok   /i.mur.ku.lok/  (noun)

necromancer

Derived Forms:

'irursibris   /ʔi.rur.sib.ris/  (noun)

ceremonial gift, dowry

Used for ceremonial and marriage gifts

Derived Forms:

istor   /is.tor/  (noun)

growth (living)

Proto-Hick *hi-storu

With animate prefix hi-

Derived Forms:

'ibris   /ʔib.ris/  (noun)

breath

Shows sacred prefix with basic term for wind/breath

Derived Forms:

'ihir   /ʔi.hir/  (verb)

hear, listen

Shows sacred prefix with sensory root

Derived Forms:

'irai   /ʔi.rai/  (noun)

sacred water

Shows sacred prefix with basic term for water

Derived Forms:

'irurbel   /ʔi.rur.bel/  (noun)

cave

Shows sacred prefix with compound for dark hollow

Derived Forms:

'irurlis   /ʔi.rur.lis/  (noun)

cave dweller

Compound of sacred cave term with person marker

Derived Forms:

'irurtak   /ʔi.rur.tak/  (noun)

cave art

Compound of sacred cave term with marking/impact

Derived Forms:

imer   /i.mer/  (noun)

breath, soul

Proto-Hick *imeru

Basic term for breath/soul

Derived Forms:

im'ir   /im.ʔir/  (noun)

ill intent, malice

Shows metaphorical extension of negative prefix with action root

Derived Forms:

im'irok   /im.ʔi.rok/  (noun)

enemy, adversary

Shows productive use of agentive suffix with abstract concepts

Derived Forms:

imthral   /im.θral/  (noun)

evil deity

Compound fusion, maintains second element due to sacred term

Derived Forms:

imurmal   /i.mur.mal/  (noun)

evil pool, cursed waters; swamp

Shows compound formation with negative prefix

Derived Forms:

imurthral   /i.mur.θral/  (noun)

cursed day/time

Compound fusion, maintains second element due to sacred term

Derived Forms:

imurtor   /i.mur.tor/  (noun)

evil peak, forbidden mountain

Shows compound formation with negative prefix

Derived Forms:

imurud   /i.mu.rud/  (noun)

falsehood

Shows semantic extension from physical to abstract meaning

Derived Forms:

imurwad   /i.mur.wad/  (noun)

evil path, dangerous route

Shows compound formation with negative prefix

Derived Forms:

'imur   /ʔi.mur/  (noun)

evil force

Proto-Hick *hi-muru

Shows archaic animacy marking through glottal prefix

Derived Forms:

kasai   /kas.əi/  (noun)

introspection, self-reflection

From ancient practice of water-gazing meditation. Shows metaphorical extension from physical reflection to mental contemplation

Derived Forms:

kul   /kul/  (noun)

magic, sorcery

Proto-Hick *kulu

Derived Forms:

kul-'er /kul.ʔer/

to perform magic

kul + -'er (verbalizer)

kulok /ku.lok/

sorcerer

kul + -ok (agentive)

kathrakel   /ka.θra.kel/  (adjective)

bright, shining

Derived Forms:

kul'er   /kul.ʔer/  (verb)

to perform magic

Derived Forms:

lithar   /li.θar/  (noun)

star

Stars conceptualized as lesser deities

Derived Forms:

mirthral   /mir.θral/  (noun)

winter solstice

Derived Forms:

mobar   /mo.bar/  (noun)

nameless one

Derived Forms:

malthrenok   /mal.θre.nok/  (noun)

pool-watcher, diviner

Derived Forms:

mes   /mes/  (noun)

heart

Proto-Hick *mesu

Derived Forms:

mur   /mur/  (noun)

night, darkness

Proto-Hick *muru

Derived Forms:

murvinu   /mur.vi.nu/  (noun)

stillbirth

Uses mur- 'darkness' metaphorically for death

Derived Forms:

murvinuiter   /mur.vi.nu.i.ter/  (noun)

abortion

Uses ellative case to indicate 'from/out of stillbirth'

Derived Forms:

mulis   /mu.lis/  (noun)

dream, vision

Proto-Hick *muruhilisu

Derived Forms:

mulisim   /mu.li.sim/  (noun)

to enter a dream state

Derived Forms:

mulisimris   /mu.li.sim.ris/  (noun)

to awaken from a dream

Derived Forms:

mulislas   /mu.lis.las/  (noun)

to enter a dream

Derived Forms:

mulisthral   /mu.lis.θral/  (noun)

prophetic dream

Derived Forms:

sai   /sai/  (noun)

sense of self, inner voice

Shows folk etymology where kasai 'introspection' (< kasu-ai 'reflection-water') was reanalyzed as ka-sai leading to extraction of sai as independent term

Derived Forms:

sai   /sai/  (noun)

sense of self, inner voice

Shows folk etymology where kasai 'introspection' (< kasu-ai 'reflection-water') was reanalyzed as ka-sai leading to extraction of sai as independent term

Derived Forms:

sibris   /si.bris/  (noun)

love

Proto-Hick *hibrisu

Metaphorical extension from 'fire' to 'passion/love'

Derived Forms:

storbran   /stor.bran/  (noun)

marriage, family union

Shows formalization of marriage as union between family lines

Derived Forms:

temer   /te.mer/  (noun)

death

Proto-Hick *telu-himeru

Literally 'end of life'

Derived Forms:

tenwa   /ten.wa/  (noun)

writing; spellcraft

Eldrim tengwa

Shows semantic extension from basic writing to magical inscription

Derived Forms:

tenwa'er /ten.wa.ʔer/

to write; to make spells

tenwa + -'er (verbalizer)

tharala   /θa.ra.la/  (noun)

deity

Proto-Hick *harala

Religious term showing resistance to regular sound changes

Derived Forms:

thid   /θid/  (noun)

truth

Proto-Hick *hawadu

Derived Forms:

thil   /θil/  (noun)

virtue, moral

Proto-Hick *halu

Abstract sense developed from basic meaning

Derived Forms:

thilul   /θi.lul/  (noun)

south

Shows cultural association of south with favorable omens

Derived Forms:

thilulbres   /θi.lul.bres/  (noun)

south wind

Derived Forms:

toreldal   /to.rel.dal/  (noun)

High Elf

From first elven migration period, uses native augmentative to distinguish High Elves

Derived Forms:

takuter   /ta.ku.ter/  (noun)

harmony, attunement

Shows reduction of reduplicated base through compound simplification

Derived Forms:

thralbar   /θral.bar/  (noun)

sacred name

Derived Forms:

thurthral   /θur.θral/  (noun)

sacred dusk, autumn

Derived Forms:

vin   /vin/  (noun)

pregnancy

Proto-Hick *venu

Maritime standard form. Inland dialects preserve venu-sedu > vinused

Derived Forms:

vinuiter   /vi.nu.i.ter/  (noun)

to give birth

Lexicalized from ellative case

Derived Forms:

venuiter   /vi.nu.i.ter/  (verb)

to give birth

Lexicalized from ellative case of 'pregnancy'

Derived Forms:

vinuimris   /vi.nu.im.ris/  (verb)

to give birth

Lexicalized from ellative case of pregnancy

Derived Forms:

Sacred

im   /im/  (noun)

evil, abstract negativity

Proto-Hick *ʔimru

Derived Forms:

imur   /i.mur/  (noun)

evil, negative force

Proto-Hick *imuru

Derived Forms:

wad   /wad/  (noun)

path, way, manner

Proto-Hick *wadu

Derived Forms:

ward   /ward/  (noun)

direction, guidance

Proto-Hick *wardu

Derived Forms:

ward-'er /war.dʔer/

to guide/direct (verbal form)

ward + -'er (verbalizer)

Scholarly Terms

matakulambe   /ma.ta.ku.lam.be/  (noun)

Elven languages (collectively)

Uses Eldrim's own term for their languages collectively. Shows typical compound reduction pattern.

Derived Forms:

Seasonal Terms

branthral   /bran.θral/  (noun)

spring

Shows seasonal terminology pattern

Derived Forms:

sedter   /sed.ter/  (noun)

planting time

Derived Forms:

thurthral   /θur.θral/  (noun)

sacred dusk, autumn

Derived Forms:

Sensation Terms

siltak   /sil.tak/  (noun)

physical pain

Derived Forms:

siltak'er   /sil.tak.ʔer/  (verb)

to touch

Derived Forms:

Sensory Terms

belimris   /be.lim.ris/  (noun)

taste (active)

Shows productive use of ellative case for active tasting

Derived Forms:

bellas   /bel.las/  (noun)

taste (reception)

Shows productive use of illative case for reception of taste

Derived Forms:

imurai   /i.mu.rai/  (adjective)

stinky

Proto-Hick *imur-ai

Derived Forms:

'ihir   /ʔi.hir/  (verb)

hear, listen

Shows sacred prefix with sensory root

Derived Forms:

Settlement Terms

vinud   /vi.nud/  (noun)

building, dwelling

Proto-Hick *venu-wudu

Semantic shift from 'wood structure' to 'dwelling'

Derived Forms:

vinud'er /vi.nu.dʔer/

to build, to dwell

vinud + -'er (verbalizer)

Size Terms

kator   /ka.tor/  (adjective)

massive, heavy

Derived Forms:

litil   /li.til/  (noun)

small thing

Derived Forms:

li   /li/  (lexinfo:Prefix)

diminutive prefix: small, lesser, young

Proto-Hick *li

Ancient diminutive marker, preserved in many compounds

Derived Forms:

Sky Terms

brakel   /bra.kel/  (noun)

morning sky

Shows nasal deletion in compounds

Derived Forms:

Social Terms

bar   /bar/  (noun)

name, mark of identity

Proto-Hick *baru

Derived Forms:

barlass /bar.las/

personal name

bar + -las (illative)

barimris /ba.rim.ris/

reputation, public name

bar + -imris (elative)

bar'er /bar.ʔer/

to name, to call

bar + -'er (verbalizer)

thralbar /θral.bar/

sacred name

thral + bar

barul /ba.rul/

name-keeper

bar + -ul (possessive)

mobar /mo.bar/

unnamed, nameless

mo- + bar (negation)

harabran   /ha.ra.bran/  (noun)

conflict, grievance (especially between families/clans)

Shows cultural conceptualization of conflict as family/clan division

Derived Forms:

'ilisimris   /ʔi.li.sim.ris/  (verb)

to teach

Shows productive use of ellative for causative meanings

Derived Forms:

'ilisok   /ʔi.li.sok/  (noun)

teacher

Derived Forms:

'iruretil   /ʔi.ru.re.til/  (noun)

gift

Shows cultural link between containers and proper gifts

Derived Forms:

'irursibris   /ʔi.rur.sib.ris/  (noun)

ceremonial gift, dowry

Used for ceremonial and marriage gifts

Derived Forms:

'irurlis   /ʔi.rur.lis/  (noun)

cave dweller

Compound of sacred cave term with person marker

Derived Forms:

kiris   /ki.ris/  (noun)

outsider

Proto-Hick *kiru-ʔisu

Shows archaic directional suffix

Derived Forms:

kiriter   /ki.ri.ter/  (noun)

foreigner, stranger

Borrowed from inland dialects with productive ellative suffix -iter (vs coastal -imris)

Derived Forms:

kethbran   /keθ.bran/  (noun)

kin, extended family

Derived Forms:

merlis   /mer.lis/  (noun)

family line, lineage

Derived Forms:

natlas   /nat.las/  (noun)

friend

Shows cluster simplification and case lexicalization. From 'one in a state of desire/affection' to 'friend'

Derived Forms:

paket   /pa.ket/  (noun)

talk

Proto-Hick *pakata

Derived Forms:

sibar   /si.bar/  (noun)

distinguished one, unique person

Shows development of honorific from concept of unique naming

Derived Forms:

storbran   /stor.bran/  (noun)

marriage, family union

Shows formalization of marriage as union between family lines

Derived Forms:

temerok   /te.me.rok/  (noun)

killer, murderer, predator

Shows metaphorical formation 'death-bringer' for both human killers and predatory animals

Derived Forms:

torduwes   /tor.du.wes/  (noun)

feast, great eating

Derived Forms:

Sound Terms

bresubel   /bre.su.bel/  (verb)

shout, yell

Proto-Hick *bresu-belu

Shows typical compound formation with body part term

Derived Forms:

bresubel'er /bre.su.bel.ʔer/

to shout, to yell

bresubel + -'er (verbalizer)

hahu   /ha.hu/  (noun)

laugh, laughter

Proto-Hick *hahu

Shows irregular sound change preserving original 'laugh' meaning while regular form *halu developed into 'good' (via hi-halu > 'il)

Derived Forms:

hahu'er /ha.hu.ʔer/

to laugh

hahu + -'er (verbalizer)

kasak   /ka.sak/  (noun)

wolf-like howl

Derived Forms:

meltek   /mel.tek/  (noun)

song, melodic rhythm

Proto-Hick *melu-takutaku

Shows preservation of first syllable of second element in compound reduction

Derived Forms:

meltek'er /mel.tek.ʔer/

to sing

meltek + -'er (verbalizer)

rek   /rek/  (noun)

bark (of dog/wolf)

Proto-Hick *reku

Shows onomatopoeic origin from sound of canine bark

Derived Forms:

rek'er /rek.ʔer/

to bark

rek + -'er (verbalizer)

rekrek /rek.rek/

repeated barking

rek + rek (reduplication)

takimer   /ˈta.ki.mɛr/  (noun)

echo, sound spirit

Reflects early animistic understanding of sound phenomena

Derived Forms:

takimer   /ˈta.ki.mɛr/  (noun)

echo, sound spirit

Reflects early animistic understanding of sound phenomena

Derived Forms:

takutakal   /ta.ku.ta.kal/  (noun)

language

Shows conceptual link between rhythm and language

Derived Forms:

takutak   /ta.ku.tak/  (noun)

rhythm

Proto-Hick *takutaku

Preserves onomatopoeic reduplication

Derived Forms:

takutek   /ta.ku.tek/  (noun)

rhythm

Proto-Hick *takutaku

Preserves onomatopoeic reduplication

Derived Forms:

'u'u   /ʔu.ʔu/  (verb)

cry, weep (in sorrow/pain)

Proto-Hick *'uhu-'uhu

Onomatopoeic origin from crying/sobbing sound

Derived Forms:

'u'u'er /ʔu.ʔu.ʔer/

to cry, to weep

'u'u + -'er (verbalizer)

Spatial Terms

tal   /tal/  (noun)

place, location

Proto-Hick *halu

Borrowed from Pre-Hick dialect where spatial meaning developed

Derived Forms:

Spatial

'atal   /ʔa.tal/  (interrogative)

where (what-place-PROX.INAN)

Proto-Hick *haka-tal-is

Derived Forms:

'ateth   /ʔa.teθ/  (interrogative)

where (sensed location)

Proto-Hick *haka-tal-eth

Derived Forms:

'atum   /ʔa.tum/  (interrogative)

where (unknown location)

Proto-Hick *haka-tal-um

Derived Forms:

Speech Terms

imbel   /im.bel/  (noun)

bad language, swear words

Derived Forms:

Spirit Terms

'etil   /ʔe.til/  (noun)

living thing

Proto-Hick *hi-etilu

Derived Forms:

'imer   /ʔi.mer/  (noun)

life

Proto-Hick *hi-mer

Derived Forms:

imeresp   /i.me.resp/  (noun)

sleep

Derived Forms:

imeresp'er /i.me.res.pʔer/

to sleep

imeresp + -'er (verbalizer)

'imeritares   /ʔi.me.ri.ta.res/  (noun)

welcome; raised spirits

Dialectal loss of initial glottal allows reanalysis with imer 'breath/soul'

Derived Forms:

imer   /i.mer/  (noun)

breath, soul

Proto-Hick *imeru

Basic term for breath/soul

Derived Forms:

imerimris   /i.me.rim.ris/  (noun)

expression

Shows productive use of ellative case for outward expression

Derived Forms:

imerlas   /i.mer.las/  (noun)

inspiration

Shows productive use of illative case for inward inspiration

Derived Forms:

takimer   /ˈta.ki.mɛr/  (noun)

echo, sound spirit

Reflects early animistic understanding of sound phenomena

Derived Forms:

takimer   /ˈta.ki.mɛr/  (noun)

echo, sound spirit

Reflects early animistic understanding of sound phenomena

Derived Forms:

temer   /te.mer/  (noun)

death

Proto-Hick *telu-himeru

Literally 'end of life'

Derived Forms:

Spring Terms

asamwen   /a.sam.wen/  (noun)

daffodil

Named for characteristic drooping posture of flower head

Derived Forms:

Stance Actions

asamasam   /a.sa.ma.sam/  (verb)

to lie down

From asam "rest" with subessive case -asam, literally "rest downward". Shows parallel formation to asamitar "sit"

Derived Forms:

asamitar   /a.sa.mi.tar/  (verb)

to sit, rest upon

From asam "rest, resting place" with superessive case, literally "rest upon". Shows common pattern of case suffixes becoming lexicalized into verbs

Derived Forms:

States of Matter

aimirik   /ai.mi.rik/  (noun)

slush, partially melted snow/ice

Describes mixture state between water and ice

Derived Forms:

mirik   /mi.rik/  (noun)

ice

Proto-Hick *mirikrakhar

Shows semantic development from 'biting cold' to 'ice'

Derived Forms:

Stone Terms

kasger   /kas.ger/  (noun)

mirror (especially polished stone mirror)

Shows technological origin in polished stone mirrors

Derived Forms:

Storage Terms

granmal   /gran.mal/  (noun)

grain storage

Derived Forms:

Structure Terms

vinud   /vi.nud/  (noun)

building, dwelling

Proto-Hick *venu-wudu

Semantic shift from 'wood structure' to 'dwelling'

Derived Forms:

vinud'er /vi.nu.dʔer/

to build, to dwell

vinud + -'er (verbalizer)

Taboo Terms

imbel   /im.bel/  (noun)

bad language, swear words

Derived Forms:

saw   /saw/  (noun)

shit

Derived Forms:

Tactile Properties

kawak   /ka.wak/  (adjective)

soft

Derived Forms:

kagar   /ka.gar/  (adjective)

hard

Derived Forms:

Taste Terms

kaketh   /ka.keθ/  (adjective)

salty

Derived Forms:

kras   /kras/  (adjective)

bitter

Proto-Hick *krasu

Derived Forms:

kras'er   /kras.ʔer/  (verb)

to be bitter

Derived Forms:

limel   /li.mel/  (adjective)

slightly sweet

Derived Forms:

mel'er   /mel.ʔer/  (verb)

to be sweet

Derived Forms:

mel   /mel/  (noun)

sweetness

Proto-Hick *melu

Derived Forms:

sinibel   /si.ni.bel/  (noun)

taste

Derived Forms:

tirai   /ti.rai/  (noun)

fermented drink

Shows cultural knowledge of fermentation process

Derived Forms:

Technical Terms

aigasam   /ai.ga.sam/  (noun)

wet grinding

Literally "water grinding," referring to the use of water in the smoothing process

Derived Forms:

asamgasam   /a.sam.ga.sam/  (noun)

flattening (initial grinding)

Literally "rest grinding," referring to the initial flattening process

Derived Forms:

Temporal

'ater   /ʔa.ter/  (interrogative)

when (visible/known time)

Proto-Hick *haka-ter-is

Derived Forms:

'atereth   /ʔa.te.reθ/  (interrogative)

when (sensed time)

Proto-Hick *haka-ter-eth

Derived Forms:

'aterum   /ʔa.te.rum/  (interrogative)

when (unknown time)

Proto-Hick *haka-ter-um

Derived Forms:

'eteleth   /ʔe.te.leθ/  (interrogative)

when (sensed time)

Proto-Hick *haka-tel-eth

Derived Forms:

'etelum   /ʔe.te.lum/  (interrogative)

when (unknown time)

Proto-Hick *haka-tel-um

Derived Forms:

Timber Terms

marwud   /mar.wud/  (noun)

red wood

Derived Forms:

wud   /wud/  (noun)

wood, tree

Derived Forms:

Time Terms

'aterbran   /ʔa.ter.bran/  (lexinfo:SubordinatingConjunction)

before

Derived Forms:

barakter   /ba.rak.ter/  (noun)

league (distance walkable in one hour, roughly 3-4 miles)

Distance measure based on one hour's walking time. Shows temporal suffix used for distance measurement.

Derived Forms:

rakter /rak.ter/

colloquial form for league

shortened form of barakter

brakel   /bra.kel/  (noun)

morning sky

Shows nasal deletion in compounds

Derived Forms:

bram   /bram/  (noun)

tide, tidal water

Proto-Hick *bramu

Basic term for tidal phenomena

Derived Forms:

branthral   /bran.θral/  (noun)

spring

Shows seasonal terminology pattern

Derived Forms:

duwester   /du.wes.ter/  (noun)

meal time

Shows temporal extension of eating

Derived Forms:

'ilitar sarespes   /ʔi.li.tar sa.res.pes/  (ontolex:MultiwordExpression, lexinfo:MultiwordExpression)

Happy New Year (greeting)

Derived Forms:

imurthral   /i.mur.θral/  (noun)

cursed day/time

Compound fusion, maintains second element due to sacred term

Derived Forms:

mirthral   /mir.θral/  (noun)

winter solstice

Derived Forms:

mur   /mur/  (noun)

night, darkness

Proto-Hick *muru

Derived Forms:

murkel   /mur.kel/  (noun)

night sky

Derived Forms:

murduwes   /mur.du.wes/  (noun)

evening meal

Derived Forms:

murkran   /mur.kran/  (noun)

night watch horn

Derived Forms:

murlis   /mur.lis/  (noun)

night vision

Derived Forms:

sedthral   /sed.θral/  (noun)

planting day

Derived Forms:

terimris   /te.rim.ris/  (noun)

next

Shows conceptualization of future as flow outward. Contrasts with terlas.

Derived Forms:

terlas   /ter.las/  (noun)

previous

Shows conceptualization of past as flow inward. Contrasts with terimris.

Derived Forms:

thirthral   /θir.θral/  (noun)

summer

Derived Forms:

thur   /θur/  (noun)

dusk

Proto-Hick *thuru

Derived Forms:

thurkel   /θur.kel/  (noun)

evening sky

Derived Forms:

thurthral   /θur.θral/  (noun)

sacred dusk, autumn

Derived Forms:

thurthral   /θur.θral/  (noun)

sacred dusk, autumn

Derived Forms:

Tool Terms

ar   /ar/  (noun)

cut, cutting action

Proto-Hick *xaru

Derived Forms:

ar'er /ar.ʔer/

to cut

ar + -'er (verbalizer)

aigasam   /ai.ga.sam/  (noun)

wet grinding

Literally "water grinding," referring to the use of water in the smoothing process

Derived Forms:

asamgasam   /a.sam.ga.sam/  (noun)

flattening (initial grinding)

Literally "rest grinding," referring to the initial flattening process

Derived Forms:

brismal   /bris.mal/  (noun)

forge (native term)

Derived Forms:

gasam   /ga.sam/  (noun)

grinding

Literally "under rock," referring to the action of grinding

Derived Forms:

'ibri   /ʔib.ri/  (noun)

manure, fertilizer

Proto-Hick *'ibari

Derived Forms:

kasger   /kas.ger/  (noun)

mirror (especially polished stone mirror)

Shows technological origin in polished stone mirrors

Derived Forms:

krakesi   /kra.ke.si/  (noun)

sword, long bladed weapon

Proto-Hick *krak-kasigaru

Shows semantic extension from wooden paddle with obsidian teeth to any long bladed weapon

Derived Forms:

krakiger   /krak.i.ger/  (noun)

flint, chert

Proto-Hick *kraku-garu

Derived Forms:

kasgasam   /kas.ga.sam/  (noun)

polishing, lapping

Refers to the final lapping stage to achieve a reflective surface

Derived Forms:

murkran   /mur.kran/  (noun)

night watch horn

Derived Forms:

pak   /pak/  (noun)

poke

Proto-Hick *paku

Derived Forms:

tamin   /ta.min/  (noun)

forge, smithy

Direct borrowing of Quenya technical term for forge/smithy

Derived Forms:

ven   /ven/  (noun)

yoke, burden

Proto-Hick *venu

Reintroduced from dialect after original *venu developed into vin

Derived Forms:

Tool/Craft Terms

arum   /a.rum/  (noun)

sketch; draw

Shows semantic extension from physical cutting to artistic marking

Derived Forms:

Unknown

'er   /ʔer/  (suffix)

verbalizer suffix that creates verbs from nouns and property concepts

Proto-Hick *heru

Derived Forms:

Vehicle Terms

brammater   /bram.ma.ter/  (noun)

river-vessel

Shows compound formation pattern for vessel types

Derived Forms:

kethmater   /keθ.ma.ter/  (noun)

sea vessel

Derived Forms:

tre   /tre/  (noun)

wagon, cart

Proto-Hick *mataru

Back-formed through reanalysis of ma- as plural prefix

Derived Forms:

wudmater   /wud.ma.ter/  (noun)

wood-vessel

Derived Forms:

Verbal Morphology

-nat   /nat/  (suffix)

want to, desire to (desiderative suffix)

Grammaticalized from full verb 'desire' to desiderative suffix

Derived Forms:

Verbal Terms

vinuiter   /vi.nu.i.ter/  (noun)

to give birth

Lexicalized from ellative case

Derived Forms:

venuiter   /vi.nu.i.ter/  (verb)

to give birth

Lexicalized from ellative case of 'pregnancy'

Derived Forms:

venitar   /ve.ni.tar/  (verb)

to lift

Lexicalized from superessive case of 'yoke'

Derived Forms:

vinuimris   /vi.nu.im.ris/  (verb)

to give birth

Lexicalized from ellative case of pregnancy

Derived Forms:

Visual Terms

arak   /a.rak/  (noun)

color

Proto-Hick *ʔaraku

Shows semantic shift from animate light to color

Derived Forms:

Water Features

airur   /ai.rur/  (noun)

karst, water-carved limestone terrain

Shows water-landform compound pattern common in geographic terms

Derived Forms:

bram   /bram/  (noun)

tide, tidal water

Proto-Hick *bramu

Basic term for tidal phenomena

Derived Forms:

bramal   /bra.mal/  (noun)

tidal pool

Shows nasal deletion in compounds

Derived Forms:

bramulis   /bra.mu.lis/  (noun)

vortex, whirlpool

Literally "tide's eye". Shows coda simplification where final -l of bramul merges with initial l- of lis

Derived Forms:

imurmal   /i.mur.mal/  (noun)

evil pool, cursed waters; swamp

Shows compound formation with negative prefix

Derived Forms:

kakethmal   /ka.keθ.mal/  (noun)

brine pool

Derived Forms:

limal   /li.mal/  (noun)

pond

Derived Forms:

miral   /mi.ral/  (noun)

cold pool, spring

Derived Forms:

mal   /mal/  (noun)

pool, standing water

Proto-Hick *malu

Derived Forms:

palmal   /pal.mal/  (noun)

deep pool

Derived Forms:

ran   /ran/  (noun)

stream, flowing water

Proto-Hick *ranu

Derived Forms:

toran   /to.ran/  (noun)

river, flowing water

Proto-Hick *ranu

Derived Forms:

thiral   /θi.ral/  (noun)

warm water, summer pool

Shows liquid deletion in compound

Derived Forms:

tomal   /to.mal/  (noun)

lake

Derived Forms:

Water Terms

aiesp   /ai.esp/  (noun)

bathe

Shows lexicalization of subessive case into basic verb stem

Derived Forms:

aiesp'er /ai.esp.ʔer/

to bathe, to immerse in water

aiesp + -'er (verbalizer)

'irai   /ʔi.rai/  (noun)

sacred water

Shows sacred prefix with basic term for water

Derived Forms:

Weapon Terms

brastak   /bras.tak/  (noun)

weapons, armaments

Shows metonymic extension from action to implements

Derived Forms:

krakesi   /kra.ke.si/  (noun)

sword, long bladed weapon

Proto-Hick *krak-kasigaru

Shows semantic extension from wooden paddle with obsidian teeth to any long bladed weapon

Derived Forms:

Weather Terms

aimirik   /ai.mi.rik/  (noun)

slush, partially melted snow/ice

Describes mixture state between water and ice

Derived Forms:

aitarulbres   /ai.ta.rul.bres/  (noun)

west wind

Derived Forms:

bres   /bres/  (noun)

wind

Proto-Hick *bresu

Derived Forms:

eldalulbres   /el.da.lul.bres/  (noun)

north wind

Emerged after Eldrim conflicts, showing cultural trauma

Derived Forms:

iskelai   /is.ke.lai/  (noun)

window condensation

Shows compound formation with water term

Derived Forms:

kaken   /ka.ken/  (adjective)

snowy, snow-covered

Shows typical adjectival reduplication pattern

Derived Forms:

ken   /ken/  (noun)

snow

Proto-Hick *kenu

Derived Forms:

kethulbres   /ke.θul.bres/  (noun)

east wind

Derived Forms:

libres   /li.bres/  (noun)

gentle wind

Derived Forms:

mir   /mir/  (noun)

cold

Proto-Hick *miru

Derived Forms:

mirik   /mi.rik/  (noun)

ice

Proto-Hick *mirikrakhar

Shows semantic development from 'biting cold' to 'ice'

Derived Forms:

tarul   /ta.rul/  (noun)

west

Shows climatic influence on directional terms

Derived Forms:

thilulbres   /θi.lul.bres/  (noun)

south wind

Derived Forms:

torken   /tor.ken/  (noun)

snow-peak, snow-capped mountain

Derived Forms:

torulbres   /to.rul.bres/  (noun)

north wind

Derived Forms:

Wind Terms

bressim   /bres.sim/  (noun)

weather (conditions)

Shows lexicalization of translative case marking, conceptualizing weather as "becoming like wind"

Derived Forms:

eldul   /el.dul/  (noun)

north

Shows historical Eldrim influence on directional system

Derived Forms:

Wood Terms

arasud   /a.ra.sud/  (noun)

plank, cut timber

Proto-Hick *xarasa-wudu

Literally "cut-through wood"

Derived Forms:

Writing Terms

parmatal   /par.ma.tal/  (noun)

library

Shows productive use of -tal for institutional locations

Derived Forms: