Proto-Hick Lexicon

Basic Vocabulary

*heru : action : Note: Source of Early Hick ‘ir and verbalizer suffix -‘er

*taku : strike, impact : Note: Onomatopoeic origin. Source of Early Hick tak

*xasamu : rest, resting place : Note: Source of Early Hick asam and subessive case marker -asam

*baha : rhythmic head motion : Note: Source of Early Hick ba “nod, agree”

*haka : what : Note: Basic question root, shows archaic animacy marking. Source of Early Hick ‘aka

hi-halu : good, kind : Note: Shows animacy prefixhi-. Source of Early Hick ‘il

*venu : yoke, burden : Note: Source of Early Hick ven and vin “pregnancy”

*storu : grow; and : Note: Source of Early Hick ru “and” through grammaticalization

*takutaku : rhythm : Note: Onomatopoeic reduplication. Source of Early Hick takutak

Flora & Fauna

*risu : reed : Note: Source of Early Hick ris

*wudu : wood, tree : Note: Source of Early Hick wud

*grasu : grass : Note: Source of Early Hick gras

*sedu : seed : Note: Source of Early Hick sed

*kelu : leaf : Note: Source of Early Hick kel

*bahu lu-haranu : branch : Note: Literally “split from father”. Source of Early Hick bran

*hasa : vine : Note: Source of Early Hick asa

*wenu : flower : Note: Source of Early Hick wen

Body Parts

*tagu : hand : Note: Source of Early Hick tag

*melisu : heart : Note: Source of Early Hick mes

*daluku : stomach, gut : Note: Source of Early Hick dak

*piru : ear : Note: Source of Early Hick pir

*karu : nose : Note: Source of Early Hick kar

*kraku : tooth : Note: Source of Early Hick krak

*kunu : knee : Note: Source of Early Hick kun

*sulu : liver : Note: Source of Early Hick sul

*kolu : neck : Note: Source of Early Hick kol

*retu : arm : Note: Source of Early Hick ret

*tarasaku : leg : Note: Source of Early Hick trask

*waka : breast : Note: Source of Early Hick wak

Numbers and Counting

*senu : one : Note: Source of Early Hick sin

*tiru : two : Note: Source of Early Hick tir

*thalu : three : Note: Source of Early Hick thal

*xanu-inu : four : Note: Source of Early Hick anin. Shows counting form suffix

*pilu : five : Note: Source of Early Hick pil

*seku : six : Note: Source of Early Hick sek

*pran-inu : seven : Note: Source of Early Hick pran. Shows counting form suffix

*kresu : eight : Note: Source of Early Hick kres

*sin-kresu : nine : Note: Source of Early Hick sinkres. Literally “one-eight”

*tir-kresu : ten : Note: Source of Early Hick tirkres. Literally “two-eight”

*kethu : hundred : Note: Source of Early Hick keth

*thran-inu : thousand : Note: Source of Early Hick thran. Shows counting form suffix

Kinship Terms

*bahu : father : Note: Source of Early Hick ba

*nahi : mother : Note: Source of Early Hick nai

*meru : parent : Note: Source of Early Hick mer. Shows metaphorical extension from bird terminology

*li-su : child : Note: Source of Early Hick lis. Literally “little one”

Natural Elements

*brisu : heat, fire : Note: Source of Early Hick bris. Forms compounds for passion/emotion

*miru : cold : Note: Source of Early Hick mir

*ai : water : Note: Source of Early Hick ai. Maintains form in compounds

*haru : air, sky : Note: Source of Early Hick thir. Shows semantic extension to “elder”

*gralu : earth, soil : Note: Source of Early Hick gral. Forms sacred compounds

Demonstratives

*‘isa : this (proximal-visible-animate) : Note: Source of Early Hick -‘is

*isa : this (proximal-visible-inanimate) : Note: Source of Early Hick -is

*tana : that (medial-visible-animate) : Note: Source of Early Hick -tan

*ena : that (medial-visible-inanimate) : Note: Source of Early Hick -en

*etha : that (medial-hidden-animate) : Note: Source of Early Hick -eth

*thira : that (medial-hidden-inanimate) : Note: Source of Early Hick -thir

*uma : that (distal-animate) : Note: Source of Early Hick -um

*urum : that (distal-inanimate) : Note: Source of Early Hick -rum

Emotional and Mental Terms

*hibrisu : fire, passion : Note: Source of Early Hick sibris “romantic love”

*meru-risu : heart-towards : Note: Source of Early Hick meris “unconditional love”

*daluku-isa-hihasa : snake-in-vine : Note: Source of Early Hick dakisa “infatuation”. Shows metaphorical extension

*hi-meru : good-heart : Note: Source of Early Hick ‘imer “life”. Shows animacy prefix

Derivational Elements

*toru : great (augmentative) : Note: Source of Early Hick tor-. Forms compounds for large entities

*lisu : small (diminutive) : Note: Source of Early Hick li-. Forms compounds for small entities

*kasa : like, similar to : Note: Source of Early Hick ka-. Develops into general adjectivizer

*oku : agent, doer : Note: Source of Early Hick -ok. Forms agent nouns

Sacred and Ritual Terms

*thralu : sacred, holy : Note: Source of Early Hick thral. Forms compounds for ritual spaces

*kulu : magic, supernatural power : Note: Source of Early Hick kul. Used in ritual contexts

*hi-meru-thiru : good-heart-air : Note: Source of Early Hick ‘imerithir “spirit”. Shows animacy prefix and compound formation

Negative Terms

*‘imru : evil, abstract negativity : Note: Source of Early Hick im. Forms compounds for harmful concepts

*hi-muru : evil force (animate) : Note: Source of Early Hick ‘imur. Shows animacy prefix

*imur-malu : evil-pool : Note: Source of Early Hick imurmal “cursed waters”. Shows compound formation

Tactile Properties

*kasa-garu : stone-like : Note: Source of Early Hick kagar “hard”. Shows similative formation

*kasa-waka : breast-like : Note: Source of Early Hick kawak “soft”. Shows cultural metaphor

*brisu : heat : Note: Source of Early Hick bris. Forms temperature terms

*miru : cold : Note: Source of Early Hick mir. Forms temperature terms

Action Terms

*haranu : split, divide : Note: Source of Early Hick haran. Shows regular final vowel loss

*wardu : direct, guide : Note: Source of Early Hick ward. Forms compounds for travel terms

*gnaru : correct : Note: Source of Early Hick gnar

*etilu : thing : Note: Source of Early Hick etil. Basic term for inanimate objects

*xaru : cut : Note: Source of Early Hick ar. Shows initial fricative loss

*xaru-uma : cut-towards : Note: Source of Early Hick arum “sketch, draw” through semantic extension

*heru-lumuru : act-empty : Note: Source of Early Hick ‘irur “hollow” through compound fusion

*heru lu xiru : move through ore : Note: Source of Early Hick ‘ihir “mine”. Shows development of mining terminology

Motion Terms

*baraku : walking, gait : Note: Source of Early Hick barak

*senu : float : Note: Source of Early Hick sin. Forms compounds for aerial motion

*paru-heru : belly-motion : Note: Source of Early Hick par “crawl” through compound reduction

Speech and Sound Terms

*bresu-belu : shout-mouth : Note: Source of Early Hick bresubel “shout, yell”

*‘uhu-‘uhu : cry (onomatopoeic) : Note: Source of Early Hick ‘u’u. Shows reduplication pattern

Maritime Terms

*mater : boat : Note: Source of Early Hick mater and compounds like materok “boatman”

Learning Terms

*hilisu : sight, knowledge : Note: Source of Early Hick hilis/ilis. Shows dialectal variation

Position Terms

*hi-reku : stand, firmness : Note: Source of Early Hick ‘irek “stand, firmness”. Shows animacy prefix

Construction Terms

*venu-wudu : burden-wood : Note: Source of Early Hick vinud “building, dwelling”

Animal Terms

*muru-meru : night-bird : Note: Source of Early Hick murmer. Shows reduplication pattern

*saku : wolf : Note: Source of Early Hick sak

*graparu : worm : Note: Source of Early Hick grapar

Time Terms

*thralu : day, sacred time : Note: Source of Early Hick thral. Forms compounds for ritual periods

Container Terms

*‘irur : hollow, container : Note: Source of Early Hick ‘irur. Forms compounds for gifts and vessels

Compound Elements

*ma- : plural marker : Note: Source of Early Hick ma-. Develops into collective marker

*hi- : animacy prefix : Note: Source of Early Hick glottal stop (’). Marks animate beings

*-isu : locative suffix : Note: Source of Early Hick -is. Forms place terms

*-inu : counting form suffix : Note: Source of Early Hick -in. Used in number formation

Compound Terms

*hi-etilu : animate-thing : Note: Source of Early Hick ‘etil “living thing”. Shows animacy prefix

*venu-sedu : burden-seed : Note: Source of Early Hick vinused “pregnancy” in inland dialects

*telu-himeru : end-life : Note: Source of Early Hick temer “death” through compound reduction

Maritime and Water Terms

*malu : pool, standing water : Note: Source of Early Hick mal. Forms compounds for water features

Person Terms

*hi-meru-thiru : good-heart-air : Note: Source of Early Hick ‘imerithir “spirit”. Shows animacy prefix and compound formation

*‘alu : person : Note: Source of Early Hick ‘al. Shows animacy prefix retention

Compound Elements

*lu : genitive marker : Note: Source of Early Hick possessive constructions. Shows grammaticalization

*-asa : perlative case : Note: Source of Early Hick -as. Used in motion compounds

*-itar : superessive case : Note: Source of Early Hick -itar. Used in position terms

*-las : illative case : Note: Source of Early Hick -las. Used in motion compounds

*-imris : ellative case : Note: Source of Early Hick -imris. Used in motion compounds

Bird Terms

*murmer : owl : Note: Source of Early Hick murmer. Shows reduplication pattern