Kalassarian

    Phonology

    Vowel System

    ShortLong
    iiː
    eeː
    aaː
    ooː
    uuː
    • Diphthongs: ae, au, ei, eu
    • Length is phonemic
    • Unstressed vowel reduction rare (unlike Seneran)

    Consonant System

    LabialDentalPalatalVelar
    Stopsp bt dk g
    Fricativesfsh
    Nasalsmn
    Liquidsl r
    Glideswj

    Syllable Structure

    • (C)(C)V(C)(C)
    • Heavy syllables: CVː, CVN, CVC
    • Light syllables: CV
    • Stress determined by weight

    Morphology

    Noun Cases

    • Nominative (-us, -a, -um)
    • Accusative (-um, -am, -um)
    • Genitive (-i, -ae, -i)
    • Dative (-o, -ae, -o)
    • Ablative (-o, -a, -o)

    Declension Example

    First Declension (fem. -a)
    porta (nom.) "port"
    portam (acc.)
    portae (gen.)
    portae (dat.)
    porta (abl.)
    Second Declension (masc. -us)
    ritmus (nom.) "ritual"
    ritmum (acc.)
    ritmi (gen.)
    ritmo (dat.)
    ritmo (abl.)

    Verb System

    Tenses

    • Present: -o, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
    • Perfect: -i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt
    • Future: -bo/-am, -bis/-es, -bit/-et
    • Imperfect: -bam, -bas, -bat

    Conjugation Example

    porto "I carry"
    Present: porto, portas, portat, portamus, portatis, portant
    Perfect: portavi, portavisti, portavit...
    Future: portabo, portabis, portabit...
    ritmo "I perform ritual"
    Present: ritmo, ritmas, ritmat, ritmamus, ritmatis, ritmant
    Perfect: ritmavi, ritmavisti, ritmavit...

    Word Formation

    Suffixes

    • -anus: relating to (silvanus "of the forest")
    • -arius: occupation (ritmarius "ritual specialist")
    • -ensis: place of origin (portensis "of the port")
    • -icus: characteristic (ritmicus "ritual-like")

    Compounds

    • Noun+Noun: silvaporta "forest gate"
    • Adj+Noun: altamontis "high mountain"
    • Noun+Verb: ritmafacio "perform ritual"

    Basic Vocabulary

    Geographic Terms

    portus [por.tus]
    "port, harbor"
    surrata [sur.ra.ta]
    "safe harbor, protected landing"
    tonum [to.num]
    "settlement, established place"
    burrium [bur.ri.um]
    "fortified place, stronghold"

    Animal Classification

    cervus [ker.wus]
    "deer (genus)"
    ursus [ur.sus]
    "bear (genus)"
    canis [ka.nis]
    "wolf, dog (genus)"
    aquilus [a.kwi.lus]
    "eagle"
    larus [la.rus]
    "seabird, gull"

    Descriptive Terms

    altorus [al.to.rus]
    "highland, mountainous"
    paluster [pa.lus.ter]
    "marshy, wetland"
    terrenus [ter.re.nus]
    "earthen, of the earth"
    silvanus [sil.wa.nus]
    "forested, of the forest"
    montanus [mon.ta.nus]
    "mountainous, of the mountains"
    maritimus [ma.ri.ti.mus]
    "maritime, of the sea"

    Academic and Magical Terms

    ritma [rit.ma]
    "systematic magical practice, formal methodology"
    From earlier *ritus-ma "ritual method"
    ritus [ri.tus]
    "ritual, formal procedure"
    planar [pla.nar]
    "of the planes, dimensional"
    proficientia [pro.fi.ki.en.ti.a]
    "mastery, skill level"
    Modern Seneran: proficence

    Compound Terms

    ritmaticus [rit.ma.ti.kus]
    "one who studies or practices ritma"

    Basic Vocabulary

    Geographic Terms

    terra [ter.ra]
    "earth, land"
    mons [mons]
    "mountain"
    pl. montes
    flumen [flu.men]
    "river"
    pl. flumina
    insula [in.su.la]
    "island"
    vallis [wal.lis]
    "valley"

    Weather and Sky Terms

    caelus [kae.lus]
    "sky, heavens"
    ventus [wen.tus]
    "wind"
    pluvia [plu.wi.a]
    "rain"
    tempestas [tem.pes.tas]
    "storm, weather"

    Time and Season Terms

    aestas [aes.tas]
    "summer"
    hiems [hi.ems]
    "winter"
    vernus [wer.nus]
    "spring"
    autumnus [au.tum.nus]
    "autumn"

    Human Settlements

    vicus [wi.kus]
    "village"
    urbs [urbs]
    "city"
    via [wi.a]
    "road, way"
    pons [pons]
    "bridge"
    pl. pontes

    Political Terms

    imperium [im.pe.ri.um]
    "command, empire"
    senatus [se.na.tus]
    "council, senate"
    provincia [pro.win.ki.a]
    "province"

    Military Terms

    legio [le.gi.o]
    "legion"
    castrum [kas.trum]
    "fort"
    pl. castra "military camp"
    bellum [bel.lum]
    "war"

    Trade Terms

    mercator [mer.ka.tor]
    "merchant"
    forum [fo.rum]
    "marketplace"
    pretium [pre.ti.um]
    "price, value"

    Religious/Ritual Terms

    sacerdos [sa.ker.dos]
    "priest"
    templum [tem.plum]
    "temple"
    auspicium [aus.pi.ki.um]
    "divination, omen"

    Extended Vocabulary

    Trade and Commerce Terms

    negotium [ne.go.ti.um]
    "business, trade"
    merx [merks]
    "goods, merchandise"
    pl. merces
    portitor [por.ti.tor]
    "customs officer, toll collector"
    taberna [ta.ber.na]
    "shop, store"
    nundinae [nun.di.nae]
    "market day, fair"
    pecunia [pe.ku.ni.a]
    "money" (from earlier "cattle wealth")
    contractus [kon.trak.tus]
    "agreement, contract"
    vectigal [wek.ti.gal]
    "tax, duty"

    Agricultural Terms

    ager [a.ger]
    "field, farmland"
    pl. agri
    seges [se.ges]
    "crop, grain field"
    pl. segetes
    hortus [hor.tus]
    "garden"
    vinea [wi.ne.a]
    "vineyard"
    arator [a.ra.tor]
    "plowman, farmer"
    messor [mes.sor]
    "harvester"
    frumentum [fru.men.tum]
    "grain, wheat"
    hordeum [hor.de.um]
    "barley"
    avena [a.we.na]
    "oats"

    Farming Tools

    aratrum [a.ra.trum]
    "plow"
    falx [falks]
    "sickle"
    pl. falces
    rastrum [ras.trum]
    "rake, hoe"
    pl. rastra

    Animal Husbandry

    pecus [pe.kus]
    "livestock, cattle"
    pl. pecora
    grex [greks]
    "herd, flock"
    pl. greges
    pastor [pas.tor]
    "shepherd"
    bubulcus [bu.bul.kus]
    "cattle herder"