Early Hick Lexicon, Alphabetical

The Early Hick lexicon, as attested, consists of mostly noun forms. These nouns can represent a wide range of meanings, including actions, properties, or relationships, which are traditionally the domain of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in other languages.

For grammatical information and language overview, see Early Hick.

Historical Sound Changes

For Proto-Hick vowel harmony and its development into Early Hick,: see: Proto-Hick Phonological Processes
For stress-related vowel changes,: see: Vowel Allophony

Usage Notes

Cross-references are marked with →
Etymologies are shown in parentheses
Compound derivations are marked with <
Example sentences show full morphological analysis
Apostrophes (') are used to transcribe glottal stops in phonemic transcriptions

-en /-en/: that (inanimate, visible, medial); Demonstratives, Grammatical Terms; Proto-Hick *ena

-eth /-eθ/: that (medial, inanimate, hidden, sensed); Demonstratives, Grammatical Terms; Proto-Hick *etha

-is /-is/: this (inanimate, sensed, proximal); Demonstratives, Grammatical Terms; Proto-Hick *isa

-nat /nat/: want to, desire to (desiderative suffix); Grammatical Terms, Verbal Morphology; Grammaticalized from full verb 'desire' to desiderative suffix

-rum /-rum/: that (animate, distant); Demonstratives, Grammatical Terms; Proto-Hick *ruma

-tan /-tan/: that (animate, visible, medial); Demonstratives, Grammatical Terms; Proto-Hick *tana

-thir /-θir/: that (medial, animate, sensed); Demonstratives, Grammatical Terms; Proto-Hick *thira

-um /-um/: that (inanimate, distant); Demonstratives, Grammatical Terms; Proto-Hick *uma

-ʔis /-ʔis/: this (animate, sensed, proximal); Demonstratives, Grammatical Terms; Proto-Hick *ʔisa

'aka /ʔa.ka/: what; Interrogatives; Proto-Hick *haka; Basic question root with archaic animacy marking

'aker /ʔa.ker/: how (visible/known manner); Interrogatives, Proximal, Manner; Proto-Hick *haka-er-is

'akereth /ʔa.ke.reθ/: how (sensed manner); Interrogatives, Medial, Manner; Proto-Hick *haka-er-eth

'akerum /ʔa.ke.rum/: how (unknown manner); Interrogatives, Distal, Manner; Proto-Hick *haka-er-um

'alis /ʔa.lis/: who (visible/known person); Interrogatives, Proximal, Personal; Proto-Hick *haka-lis

'alum /ʔa.lum/: who (unknown person); Interrogatives, Distal, Personal; Proto-Hick *haka-al-um

'atal /ʔa.tal/: where (what-place-PROX.INAN); Interrogatives, Proximal, Spatial; Proto-Hick *haka-tal-is

'ater /ʔa.ter/: when (visible/known time); Interrogatives, Proximal, Temporal; Proto-Hick *haka-ter-is

'aterbran /ʔa.ter.bran/: before; Temporal metaphor using interrogative 'when' + 'dawn'; Time Terms, Interrogatives

'atereth /ʔa.te.reθ/: when (sensed time); Interrogatives, Medial, Temporal; Proto-Hick *haka-ter-eth

'aterum /ʔa.te.rum/: when (unknown time); Interrogatives, Distal, Temporal; Proto-Hick *haka-ter-um

'ateth /ʔa.teθ/: where (sensed location); Interrogatives, Medial, Spatial; Proto-Hick *haka-tal-eth

'atum /ʔa.tum/: where (unknown location); Interrogatives, Distal, Spatial; Proto-Hick *haka-tal-um

'eldegralen asadimris /ʔel.də.gra.len a.sa.dim.ris/: The Elven Bridge; Shows formal/sacred term patterns with case marking; Place Names, Infrastructure, Sacred Terms; Shows formal preservation of medial marker and elative case

'eteleth /ʔe.te.leθ/: when (sensed time); Interrogatives, Medial, Temporal; Proto-Hick *haka-tel-eth

'etelum /ʔe.te.lum/: when (unknown time); Interrogatives, Distal, Temporal; Proto-Hick *haka-tel-um

'etil /ʔe.til/: living thing; Spirit Terms, Sacred Terms; Proto-Hick *hi-etilu

'ibri /ʔib.ri/: manure, fertilizer; Agricultural Terms, Tool Terms; Proto-Hick *'ibari

'ibrigral /ʔib.ri.gral/: farmlands, cultivated fields; Agricultural Terms, Landscape Terms; Shows development from fertilization practice to agricultural land

'ibris'er /ʔi.bris.ʔer/: to burn; Basic Terms, Elemental Terms, Fire Terms; Base form for metaphorical extensions to passion and anger

'il /ʔil/: good, kind; Basic Terms, Sacred Terms; Proto-Hick *hi-halu; Shows archaic animacy marking through glottal prefix

'ilibris /ʔi.li.bris/: passion; inspire fervor; Emotion Terms, Sacred Terms; Shows positive metaphorical extension of burning sensation

'ilibris'er /ʔi.li.bris.ʔer/: (euphemistic) to make love, have sexual intercourse; Body Terms, Sacred Terms; Euphemistic term showing cultural preference for warmth/fire metaphors in intimate contexts

'ilis /ʔi.lis/: knowledge; Mental Terms, Perception Terms, Action Terms; Proto-Hick *hi-lisu; Semantic extension from 'sight' to 'knowledge'

'ilis'er /ʔi.lis.ʔer/: to know; 'ilis + -'er (verbalizer)

'ilisal /ʔi.li.sal/: visit (a place); Mental Terms, Action Terms, Motion Terms; experience personally; Mental Terms, Action Terms; confirm via experiment; Mental Terms, Action Terms; Shows semantic development from 'knowledge-person' to active experiential learning

'ilisal'er /ʔi.li.sal.ʔer/: to visit, to experience firsthand; 'ilisal + -'er (verbalizer)

'ilisimris /ʔi.li.sim.ris/: to teach; Mental Terms, Social Terms, Action Terms; Shows productive use of ellative for causative meanings

'ilisok /ʔi.li.sok/: teacher; Mental Terms, Social Terms, Occupations

'ilistal /ʔi.lis.tal/: library; Place for storing and accessing knowledge; Learning Terms, Building Terms; school; Place for formal instruction; Learning Terms, Building Terms; Shows development of dedicated learning spaces

'ilistal'er /ʔi.lis.tal.ʔer/: to study formally, to attend school; 'ilistal + -'er (verbalizer)

'ilitar sarespes /ʔi.li.tar sa.res.pes/: Happy New Year (greeting); Traditional greeting exchanged on New Year's Day; Common Phrases, Sacred Terms, Time Terms

'ilsul /ʔil.sul/: happiness, joy; Often appears in well-wishing expressions; Emotional Terms, Body Terms; Shows cultural conceptualization of liver as seat of emotions, particularly positive ones

'ilsul'er /ʔil.sul.ʔer/: to be happy; 'ilsul + -'er (verbalizer)

'iltakutak /ʔil.ta.ku.tak/: peace, harmony; Social Terms, Sacred Terms; Shows cultural conceptualization of peace as harmonious rhythm

'imer /ʔi.mer/: life; Spirit Terms, Sacred Terms; Proto-Hick *hi-mer

'imeritares /ʔi.me.ri.ta.res/: welcome; raised spirits; Common Phrases, Spirit Terms, Sacred Terms; Dialectal loss of initial glottal allows reanalysis with imer 'breath/soul'

'imsai /ʔim.sai/: self-doubt, anxiety; Mental Terms, Emotional Terms; Shows cultural conceptualization of anxiety as negative self-reflection

'imsai'er /ʔim.sai.ʔer/: to doubt oneself, be anxious; 'imsai + -'er (verbalizer)

'imwen /ʔim.wen/: witch, evil woman; Pejorative term for female magic user; Magic Terms, Gender Terms; Shows pejorative development in magical terminology

'ir /ʔir/: movement, motion; Motion Terms, Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *heru; Source of verbalizer suffix -'er through grammaticalization

'irek /ʔi.rek/: stand, firmness; Basic Terms, Position Terms, Action Terms; Proto-Hick *hi-reku; Shows archaic animacy marking through glottal prefix

'irek'er /ʔi.rek.ʔer/: to stand; 'irek + -'er (verbalizer)

'irur /ʔi.rur/: repetition, again; Grammatical Terms, Motion Terms; Proto-Hick *heru-heru; From reduplicated form of *heru 'action'. Forms grammaticalized iterative marker -rur/-ur

'iruretil /ʔi.ru.re.til/: gift; Always inanimate, reflecting cultural norms; Material Culture, Social Terms; Shows cultural link between containers and proper gifts

'irursibris /ʔi.rur.sib.ris/: ceremonial gift, dowry; Used for significant life events and marriage gifts; Sacred Terms, Social Terms, Marriage Terms; Used for ceremonial and marriage gifts

'it /ʔit/: knot (in wood); Specifically refers to natural knots in wood/lumber; Construction Terms, Natural Features; falsehood; Metaphorical extension from deviation in wood grain; Abstract Concepts; Proto-Hick *xitu

'u'u /ʔu.ʔu/: cry, weep (in sorrow/pain); Often reduplicated for continuous crying; Sound Terms, Emotion Terms, Body Terms; Proto-Hick *'uhu-'uhu; Onomatopoeic origin from crying/sobbing sound

'u'u'er /ʔu.ʔu.ʔer/: to cry, to weep; 'u'u + -'er (verbalizer)

ai /ai/: water; See Maritime Terms, Water Features; Natural World; Proto-Hick *ahi

aiesp /ai.esp/: bathe; Basic term for immersion in water; Water Terms, Motion Terms, Body Terms; Shows lexicalization of subessive case into basic verb stem

aiesp'er /ai.esp.ʔer/: to bathe, to immerse in water; aiesp + -'er (verbalizer)

aimirik /ai.mi.rik/: slush, partially melted snow/ice; Weather Terms, States of Matter; Describes mixture state between water and ice

airur /ai.rur/: karst, water-carved limestone terrain; Describes limestone regions shaped by water erosion; Landforms, Water Features, Geographic Terms; Shows water-landform compound pattern common in geographic terms

aitar /ai.tar/: rain; Natural World, Precipitation

aitarulbres /ai.ta.rul.bres/: west wind; Primary term in coastal regions, associated with rainfall patterns; Weather Terms, Directional Terms, Maritime Terms

al /al/: natural rock; Natural World, Elements; Proto-Hick *xalu

aniko /a.ni.ko/: animal (general term); Animals, Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *xani-kostu; Shows semantic extension from descriptive 'four-legged' to general term for animal

ar /ar/: cut, cutting action; Action Terms, Tool Terms, Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *xaru

ar'er /ar.ʔer/: to cut; ar + -'er (verbalizer)

arsil /ar.sil/: open wound, cut; Medical Terms, Body Terms, Injury Terms

arum /a.rum/: sketch; draw; Tool/Craft Terms, Artistic Terms; Shows semantic extension from physical cutting to artistic marking

asad /a.sad/: bridge; Shows typical development of infrastructure terms from natural materials; Infrastructure, Construction Terms; Proto-Hick *hasa-wadu

asam /a.səm/: rest, resting place; Source of subessive case marker -asam through grammaticalization; Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *xasamu

asamgral /a.sam.gral/: flatlands, plains; Landscape Terms, Geographic Terms; Shows metaphorical extension from position to terrain type

asamwen /a.sam.wen/: daffodil; Common spring flower, Narcissus species; Flora, Flower Names, Spring Terms; Named for characteristic drooping posture of flower head

ba /ba/: father; Kinship Terms; Proto-Hick *bahu

bar /bar/: name, mark of identity; Identity Terms, Social Terms; Proto-Hick *baru

barlass /bar.las/: personal name; bar + -las (illative)

barimris /ba.rim.ris/: reputation, public name; bar + -imris (elative)

bar'er /bar.ʔer/: to name, to call; bar + -'er (verbalizer)

thralbar /θral.bar/: sacred name; thral + bar

barul /ba.rul/: name-keeper; bar + -ul (possessive)

mobar /mo.bar/: unnamed, nameless; mo- + bar (negation)

barakter /ba.rak.ter/: league (distance walkable in one hour, roughly 3-4 miles); Often shortened to rakter in colloquial speech; Measurement Terms, Distance Terms, Time Terms; Distance measure based on one hour's walking time. Shows temporal suffix used for distance measurement.

rakter /rak.ter/: colloquial form for league; shortened form of barakter

bramis /bra.mis/: sea mist, coastal fog; Natural World, Precipitation, Maritime Terms

bran /bran/: branch; Flora, Plant Terms

brastak /bras.tak/: weapons, armaments; Often used collectively for military equipment; Weapon Terms, Military Terms; Shows metonymic extension from action to implements

brastok /bras.tok/: craftsman, artisan; General term for skilled manual craftworkers; Body Parts; Shows cultural importance of manual craft skills

brastran /bras.tran/: foot (unit of length, approximately arm-length); Measurement Terms, Basic Terms; Shows development of -ran as measurement suffix from *haranu 'length'

bres /bres/: wind; Weather Terms, Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *bresu

bresubel /bre.su.bel/: shout, yell; Basic term for loud vocal expression; Sound Terms, Body Terms, Communication Terms; Proto-Hick *bresu-belu; Shows typical compound formation with body part term

bresubel'er /bre.su.bel.ʔer/: to shout, to yell; bresubel + -'er (verbalizer)

brismal /bris.mal/: forge (native term); Construction Terms, Tool Terms

brismer /bris.mer/: passionate lover; Love Terms, Person Terms, Family Terms; Shows ambiguous compound analysis between 'passionate-parent' and 'fire-heart'

dorgar /dor.gər/: spine; Body Parts

dortor /dor.tor/: back slope; Natural World, Landforms

dortor'er /dor.tor.ʔer/: to slope; dortor + -'er (verbalizer)

du /du/: meat; Food & Consumption Terms; Proto-Hick *duha

dudup /du.dup/: swollen muscle; Body Terms, Medical Terms

dup /dup/: pearl; lump, mass; Natural Terms, Medical Terms; Proto-Hick *dupu; Shows semantic extension from 'pearl' to general 'rounded mass'

duwes /du.wes/: food, nourishment; Basic term for both food and eating; Food & Consumption Terms, Basic Terms; Semantic extension from 'meat-container' to general 'food'

duwes'er /du.wes.ʔer/: to eat; duwes + -'er (verbalizer)

eldalulbres /el.da.lul.bres/: north wind; Replaced torulbres in most dialects after Eldrim contact; Weather Terms, Directional Terms, Cultural Terms; Emerged after Eldrim conflicts, showing cultural trauma

eldul /el.dul/: north; Derived from term for north wind; Directional Terms, Wind Terms; Shows historical Eldrim influence on directional system

eltek /el.tek/: compacted, condensed (especially of soil); Basic Terms, Earth Terms; shaped from loose material; Basic Terms, Earth Terms; Proto-Hick *ʔelu-taku; From phrase 'grale ʔelu taku' (soil together hit). Shows development from physical action to resultant state

etil /e.til/: thing; Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *etilu

etilsim /e.til.sim/: everything changes/transforms (with implications of resignation/indifference); Often used as resigned response to change or loss; Abstract Concepts, Philosophical Terms; Shows lexicalization of translative case into expression of both transformation and resignation

gar /gar/: stone; Natural World, Elements; Proto-Hick *garu

ger /ger/: metal; Metals, Material Culture, Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *kuru-garu

gnar /gnar/: correct; Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *gnaru

gnar-'er /gnar.ʔer/: to be correct; gnar + -'er (verbalizer)

gnater /gna.ter/: desire; Mental Terms, Emotional Terms, Basic Terms

gral /gral/: earth, soil; Natural World; Proto-Hick *gralu

gralimris /gra.lim.ris/: excrement; Medical Terms, Body Terms

granmal /gran.mal/: grain storage; Agricultural Terms, Storage Terms

gransed /gran.sed/: grain; Flora, Place Terms, Cultivated Plants

grapar /gra.par/: earthworm; Animals, Earth Terms; Shows descriptive compound formation based on movement

gras /gras/: grass; Plant Terms, Natural World, Pastoral Terms, Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *grasu

gras'er /gras.ʔer/: to graze; gras + -'er (verbalizer)

grasgral /gras.gral/: meadow, grassland; Flora, Pastoral Terms, Landforms

graswad /gras.wad/: pasture path; Pasture Terms, Agricultural Terms

harabran /ha.ra.bran/: conflict, grievance (especially between families/clans); Social Terms, Conflict Terms; Shows cultural conceptualization of conflict as family/clan division

haran /ha.ran/: split, separate; Action Terms; divide (numbers); Number System; Proto-Hick *haranu

hilis /hi.lis/: sight, active vision; Perception Terms, Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *hilisu; Forms two contrasting verbs: hilis'er (active looking) vs his'er (passive seeing)

his /his/: to see (passive/unintentional perception); Perception Terms, Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *hisu; Reintroduced from dialect to maintain distinction from demonstrative -is

hisimris /hi.sim.ris/: show; Contrasts with hilis'er 'to look'; Perception Terms, Action Terms; Shows productive use of ellative case for causative meanings

im /im/: evil, abstract negativity; Used for abstract concepts of evil/negativity; Sacred, Negation, Abstract Concepts; Proto-Hick *ʔimru

imasam /i.ma.sam/: to cower, hide from fear; Motion Terms, Position Terms, Emotional Terms; Shows metaphorical extension of 'resting under' to fearful hiding

imasamok /i.ma.sa.mok/: coward; Person Terms, Character Terms; Shows productive use of agentive suffix with compound base

imbel /im.bel/: bad language, swear words; Speech Terms, Body Terms, Taboo Terms

imeresp /i.me.resp/: sleep; Shows metaphorical extension of breath/spirit sinking; Spirit Terms, Body Terms

imeresp'er /i.me.res.pʔer/: to sleep; imeresp + -'er (verbalizer)

imibris /im.i.bris/: rage, anger; wrath; Emotion Terms, Sacred Terms; Shows negative metaphorical extension of burning sensation

imlis /im.lis/: fear, dread; Emotional Terms, Mental Terms; Shows semantic development from 'seeing evil' to general fear

imlis'er /im.li.sʔer/: to flee, run from fear; Contrasts with trask'er 'run (neutral)'; Motion Terms, Emotional Terms; Shows natural development from fear to flight response

imlisitar /im.li.si.tar/: to flinch, startle; Motion Terms, Body Actions, Emotional Terms; Uses superlative case to indicate sudden upward movement

imlisrur /im.lis.rur/: anxiety, constant fear; Emotional Terms, Mental Terms; Shows extension of iterative aspect to ongoing mental state

imtir /im.tir/: rot, decay; Process Terms, Food Terms; Shows metaphorical extension of fermentation process to negative outcome

imtirdu /im.tir.du/: rotting meat; Food Terms, Death Terms; cadaver; Body Terms, Death Terms; Shows semantic extension from rotting meat to cadaver. Contrasts with du for fresh meat

imtirlis /im.tir.lis/: mushroom; Flora, Food Terms; Shows cultural understanding of mushrooms as fruits of decay

imur /i.mur/: evil, negative force; Sacred, Negation; Proto-Hick *imuru

imurai /i.mu.rai/: stinky; Sensory Terms; Proto-Hick *imur-ai

imurkulok /i.mur.ku.lok/: necromancer; Literally 'evil magic worker'; Magical Terms, Sacred Terms

imwes /im.wes/: invade, encroach upon; Action Terms, Conflict Terms; Shows productive use of im- prefix for harmful actions

istor /is.tor/: growth (living); Sacred Terms; Proto-Hick *hi-storu; With animate prefix hi-

kabrast /ka.brast/: skilled with hands, manually dexterous; Specifically for craft skills requiring hand coordination; does not extend to martial or athletic dexterity; Body Parts; Shows metaphorical extension to manual craft skills

kaduwes /ka.du.wes/: edible; Shows productive use of ka- prefix for potential/capability; Food & Consumption Terms

kaken /ka.ken/: snowy, snow-covered; Weather Terms, Basic Terms; Shows typical adjectival reduplication pattern

kaketh /ka.keθ/: salty; Literally 'sea-like', shows maritime influence on taste terminology; Taste Terms, Maritime Terms

kandup /kan.dup/: head lump, bump on head; Body Terms, Medical Terms, Injury Terms

kanmil /kan.mil/: brain; Body Parts

kar /kar/: nose; Body Parts; Proto-Hick *karu

kar'er /kar.ʔer/: to smell; kar + -'er (verbalizer)

kasai /kas.əi/: introspection, self-reflection; Mental Terms, Sacred Terms; From ancient practice of water-gazing meditation. Shows metaphorical extension from physical reflection to mental contemplation

kasger /kas.ger/: mirror (especially polished stone mirror); Tool Terms, Stone Terms; Shows technological origin in polished stone mirrors

kawak /ka.wak/: soft; Shows cultural association between softness and nurturing; Tactile Properties, Body Terms

kel /kel/: leaf; Flora, Plant Terms

ken /ken/: snow; Weather Terms, Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *kenu

kethul /ke.θul/: east; Derived from term for east wind; Directional Terms, Maritime Terms; Shows maritime influence on eastern regions

kethulbres /ke.θul.bres/: east wind; Common in eastern coastal regions; Weather Terms, Directional Terms, Maritime Terms

kir'irur /kir.ʔi.rur/: ribcage; Shows parallel metaphorical extension with 'irurlis 'gourd/container'; Body Parts

kirgar /kir.gər/: rib; Plural makirgar refers to full set of ribs; Body Parts

kiris /ki.ris/: outsider; Person Terms, Social Terms; Proto-Hick *kiru-ʔisu; Shows archaic directional suffix

kiriter /ki.ri.ter/: foreigner, stranger; Person Terms, Social Terms; Borrowed from inland dialects with productive ellative suffix -iter (vs coastal -imris)

kirmil /kir.mil/: chest/organ fat; Food & Consumption Terms, Preparation Terms

kirtor /kir.tor/: cliff face; Natural World, Landforms

kol /kol/: neck; Body Parts; Proto-Hick *kolu

kor /kor/: cow; Early borrowing showing cultural contact with Iutlandish herders; Animals

kost /kost/: foot; Body Parts; Proto-Hick *kostu

krakesi /kra.ke.si/: sword, long bladed weapon; Originally referred to wooden paddle with obsidian teeth inserts; Weapon Terms, Tool Terms; Proto-Hick *krak-kasigaru; Shows semantic extension from wooden paddle with obsidian teeth to any long bladed weapon

krakiger /krak.i.ger/: flint, chert; Material Terms, Tool Terms; Proto-Hick *kraku-garu

krakrak /kra.krak/: fang; Body Terms, Animal Terms; Shows nasal deletion in compound. Forms specialized term contrasting with general krak 'tooth'

krantak /kran.tak/: physical pain; Body Terms, Physical States; Shows cultural distinction between physical and emotional pain

siltak'er /sil.tak.ʔer/: to feel physical pain; siltak + -'er (verbalizer)

kras /kras/: bitter; Used for both taste and metaphorical bitterness; Taste Terms; Proto-Hick *krasu

kul /kul/: magic, sorcery; Magical Terms, Sacred Terms; Proto-Hick *kulu

kul-'er /kul.ʔer/: to perform magic; kul + -'er (verbalizer)

kulok /ku.lok/: sorcerer; kul + -ok (agentive)

kun /kun/: knee; Body Parts; Proto-Hick *kunu

kur /kur/: moss; Flora, Plant Terms; copper; Metals, Material Culture; Proto-Hick *kuru

libres /li.bres/: gentle wind; Used primarily inland for weakened western winds after mountain crossing; Weather Terms, Regional Terms

lik /lik/: dragon; Cultural borrowing showing Eldrim mythological influence; Mythological Terms, Borrowed Terms; Shows semantic narrowing from general serpentine being to specific dragon concept

lis /lis/: child; See also: Diminutive Formation, Basic Numbers; Kinship Terms; Proto-Hick *li-su; From diminutive prefix *li- + *su 'one', lit. 'little one'

lithar /li.θar/: star; Sacred Terms; Stars conceptualized as lesser deities

ma'al /ma.ʔal/: community, tribe; Collective term implying social/political unity; Person Terms, Political Terms

mabarak /ma.ba.rak/: march, collective walking; Motion Terms, Action Terms, Military Terms; Collective motion from plural marker

mabarak'er /ma.ba.rak.ʔer/: to march; mabarak + -'er (verbalizer)

mal /mal/: pool, standing water; Natural World, Water Features; Proto-Hick *malu

malris /mal.ris/: water reed; Flora, Plant Terms, Cultivated Plants

malthrenok /mal.θre.nok/: pool-watcher, diviner; One who practices divination through watching pools/water; Magical Terms, Sacred Terms

mar /mar/: blood, life-fluid; red; Body Parts, Colors; Proto-Hick *maru

mar-'er /mar.ʔer/: to be red (stative verbal form); mar + -'er (verbalizer)

marwud /mar.wud/: red wood; Flora, Plant Terms, Timber Terms, Cultivated Plants

matakulambe /ma.ta.ku.lam.be/: Elven languages (collectively); Formal term for all Elven languages as a group; Language Terms, Eldrim Terms, Scholarly Terms; Uses Eldrim's own term for their languages collectively. Shows typical compound reduction pattern.

materok /ma.te.rok/: vessel-guide, boatman; Maritime Terms, Occupations

mel /mel/: sweetness; Associated with ripeness and edibility; Taste Terms; Proto-Hick *melu

meltek /mel.tek/: song; Basic term for melodic vocal performance; Music Terms, Performance Terms; melodic rhythm; Technical term for musical patterns; Music Terms, Sound Terms; Proto-Hick *melu-takutaku; Shows preservation of first syllable of second element in compound reduction

meltek'er /mel.tek.ʔer/: to sing; meltek + -'er (verbalizer)

mer /mer/: bird; Animals, Bird Terms; parent; Extended meaning through cultural metaphor; Kinship Terms; Proto-Hick *meru

merkran /mer.kran/: emotional pain, heartache; Emotional Terms, Body Terms; Shows metaphorical conceptualization of emotional pain as heart-piercing

merkran'er /mer.kran.ʔer/: to feel emotional pain; merkran + -'er (verbalizer)

mes /mes/: heart; Body Terms, Sacred Terms, Emotional Terms; Proto-Hick *mesu

mes'er /mes.ʔer/: to feel (emotion), experience emotion; Emotional Terms, Body Terms; Shows cultural distinction between heart-based emotions and liver-based deeper feelings

mil /mil/: tallow, animal fat; Body Parts, Food & Consumption Terms; Proto-Hick *melu

milai /mi.lai/: rendered fat, oil; Shows parallel formation with tirai 'fermented drink'; Food & Consumption Terms, Preparation Terms

miraitar /mi.rai.tar/: cold rain; Natural World, Precipitation

mirik /mi.rik/: ice; Weather Terms, Basic Terms, States of Matter; Proto-Hick *mirikrakhar; Shows semantic development from 'biting cold' to 'ice'

momer /mo.mer/: chicken; Animals, Basic Terms; Shows semantic development where negated 'bird' specifies flightless bird

mur /mur/: night, darkness; Time Terms, Sacred Terms; Proto-Hick *muru

murkel /mur.kel/: night sky; Time Terms, Celestial Bodies

murlambe /mur.lam.be/: Dark Elven (Drow); Rare term, mainly in historical or scholarly contexts; Language Terms, Eldrim Terms; Parallels ithiril 'Dark Elf', rarely encountered in Early Hick period

murmer /mur.mer/: night-bird, owl; Bird Terms, Nocturnal Animals

murvinu /mur.vi.nu/: stillbirth; Body Terms, Bodily Functions, Sacred Terms; Uses mur- 'darkness' metaphorically for death

murvinuiter /mur.vi.nu.i.ter/: abortion; Body Terms, Bodily Functions, Sacred Terms; Uses ellative case to indicate 'from/out of stillbirth'

nagral /na.gral/: black earth; Natural World, Landforms

nai /nai/: mother; Kinship Terms; Proto-Hick *nahi

natlas /nat.las/: friend; Person Terms, Social Terms; Shows cluster simplification and case lexicalization. From 'one in a state of desire/affection' to 'friend'

paket /pa.ket/: talk; Communication Terms, Basic Terms, Social Terms; Proto-Hick *pakata

palmal /pal.mal/: deep pool; Natural World, Landforms, Water Features

palmil /pal.mil/: belly fat; Food & Consumption Terms, Preparation Terms

par /par/: crawl; Motion Terms, Body Terms; *paru-heru; Shows semantic development from 'belly-motion' to general 'crawl'

parduwes /par.du.wes/: cavern, cave network; Originally 'worm-eaten,' extended to mean cave networks; Landforms, Mythological Terms; Shows compound reduction of grapar-duwes to parduwes

parduwes'er /par.du.wes.ʔer/: to form cave networks, to hollow out (of mountains); parduwes + -'er (verbalizer)

parmatal /par.ma.tal/: library; Institutional term for book repository; Writing Terms, Building Terms; Shows productive use of -tal for institutional locations

pir /pir/: ear; Body Parts, Perception Terms; Proto-Hick *piru

pir'er /pir.ʔer/: to listen; pir + -'er (verbalizer)

ran /ran/: stream, flowing water; Natural World, Water Features; Proto-Hick *ranu

ranris /ran.ris/: river reed; Flora, Plant Terms, Cultivated Plants

rek /rek/: bark (of dog/wolf); Basic term for canine vocalization; Sound Terms, Animal Terms; Proto-Hick *reku; Shows onomatopoeic origin from sound of canine bark

rek'er /rek.ʔer/: to bark; rek + -'er (verbalizer)

rekrek /rek.rek/: repeated barking; rek + rek (reduplication)

ret /ret/: arm; Body Parts; Proto-Hick *retu

ris /ris/: reed; Flora, Plant Terms

rok /rok/: horse; Shows elvish introduction of horses; Animals, Pastoral Terms

ru /ru/: and; Conjunction

sai /sai/: sense of self; Mental Terms, Sacred Terms; inner voice; Mental Terms, Sacred Terms; Shows folk etymology where kasai 'introspection' (< kasu-ai 'reflection-water') was reanalyzed as ka-sai leading to extraction of sai as independent term

saw /saw/: shit; Taboo Terms, Body Terms

sed /sed/: seed; Flora, Plant Terms

sedgral /sed.gral/: field; Plant Terms, Agricultural Terms

sedok /se.dok/: planter, farmer; Agricultural Terms, Occupations

sedter /sed.ter/: planting time; Flora, Plant Terms, Rituals, Seasonal Terms, Agricultural Terms

sibar /si.bar/: distinguished one, unique person; Person Terms, Honor Terms, Social Terms; Shows development of honorific from concept of unique naming

sibris /si.bris/: love; Abstract Concepts, Emotional Terms, Sacred Terms; Proto-Hick *hibrisu; Metaphorical extension from 'fire' to 'passion/love'

sin /sin/: one; Number System; Proto-Hick *su-inu; From counting form with *-inu suffix

sin /sin/: floating; Motion Terms, Maritime Terms, Action Terms; Proto-Hick *senu

sinas /si.nas/: drift, passage; Motion Terms, Maritime Terms, Abstract Concepts; Proto-Hick *senu-asa-u; Literally 'floating through', shows typical compound reduction

sinibel /si.ni.bel/: taste; Shows metaphorical extension of floating motion to sensory perception; Taste Terms, Body Terms

stor /stor/: growth; Basic Terms; addition, increment; Mathematical sense developed from basic meaning 'growth'; Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *storu; Base form preserved in sacred terms

stor-'er /stor.ʔer/: to grow, to increase; stor + -'er (verbalizer)

storbran /stor.bran/: marriage, family union; Family Terms, Social Terms, Sacred Terms; Shows formalization of marriage as union between family lines

sul /sul/: liver; Body Parts; Proto-Hick *sulu

sulmil /sul.mil/: liver fat; Food & Consumption Terms, Preparation Terms

sumerok /su.me.rok/: goat; Shows compound reduction and metaphorical extension through agentive marking; Animals

tag /tag/: hand; Body Parts; Proto-Hick *tagu

tak /tak/: strike, impact; Basic Terms; right (direction); Directional sense from cultural association with dominant striking hand; Directional Terms; Proto-Hick *taku; Onomatopoeic origin

takimer /ta.ki.mer/: echo; Sound Terms, Spirit Terms

takimris /ta.kim.ris/: to attack, to oppose; Action Terms, Conflict Terms; Shows development of aggressive meaning through ellative case

takulambe /ta.ku.lam.be/: Common Elven (Sindarin-based lingua franca); Trade and diplomatic contexts; Language Terms, Trade Terms; Shows development of inter-cultural trade language

takutakal /ta.ku.ta.kal/: language; Language Terms, Sound Terms; Shows conceptual link between rhythm and language

tal /tal/: place, location; Forms many location compounds; Spatial Terms, Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *halu; Borrowed from Pre-Hick dialect where spatial meaning developed

tamin /ta.min/: forge, smithy; Borrowed technical term from Eldrim metalworking traditions; Construction Terms, Tool Terms, Borrowed Terms; Direct borrowing of Quenya technical term for forge/smithy

tarul /ta.rul/: west; Derived from term for west wind; Directional Terms, Weather Terms; Shows climatic influence on directional terms

temer /te.mer/: death; Spirit Terms, Sacred Terms; Proto-Hick *telu-himeru; Literally 'end of life'

temerok /te.me.rok/: killer, murderer; Basic Terms, Social Terms; predator; Animal Terms, Basic Terms; Shows metaphorical formation 'death-bringer' for both human killers and predatory animals

tenwa /ten.wa/: writing; spellcraft; Communication Terms, Sacred Terms, Magical Terms; Eldrim tengwa; Shows semantic extension from basic writing to magical inscription

tenwa'er /ten.wa.ʔer/: to write; to make spells; tenwa + -'er (verbalizer)

ter /ter/: flow, fluid motion; Basic Terms, Motion Terms; Proto-Hick *teru

ter'er /ter.ʔer/: to drink; ter + -'er (verbalizer)

thalgral /θal.gral/: hillside; Natural World, Landforms

tharala /θa.ra.la/: deity; Sacred Terms, Religious Terms; Proto-Hick *harala; Religious term showing resistance to regular sound changes

thid /θid/: truth; Sacred Terms, Abstract Concepts; Proto-Hick *hawadu

thil /θil/: virtue, moral; Abstract Concepts, Sacred Terms, Moral Terms; Proto-Hick *halu; Abstract sense developed from basic meaning

thilul /θi.lul/: south; Derived from term for south wind; Directional Terms, Sacred Terms; Shows cultural association of south with favorable omens

thilulbres /θi.lul.bres/: south wind; Associated with favorable weather and good fortune; Weather Terms, Directional Terms, Sacred Terms

thimer /θi.mer/: spiritual nurturing, penitence; Used in ritual contexts; Sacred, Abstract Concepts; Proto-Hick *ha-meru

thirba /θir.ba/: grandfather; Kinship Terms

thirnai /θir.nai/: grandmother; Kinship Terms

thirwud /θir.wud/: white wood; Flora, Plant Terms, Timber Terms, Cultivated Plants

thrakel /θra.kel/: sun; Celestial Bodies, Sacred

thral /θral/: sun; sacred; Sacred Terms, Natural Terms; Proto-Hick *harala

thralgral /θral.gral/: sacred earth; Consecrated ground used for rituals or burials; Consecrated ground used for rituals or burials; Sacred, Sacred Terms, Landforms

thralkel /θral.kel/: The celestial home of the gods; The celestial realm in religious context; Sacred, Celestial Terms

thralter /θral.ter/: ritual progression; The proper sequence of ritual actions or ceremonies; Sacred, Sacred Terms, Time Terms

thralthren /θral.θren/: ritual observation; The act of watching or performing religious ceremonies; Sacred, Rituals, Action Terms

thralwad /θral.wad/: ritual path; Both literal processional paths and metaphorical spiritual journeys; Sacred, Spatial Terms

thranal /θra.nal/: seasons; Shows cyclical time through metaphor of countless sacred days; Time Terms, Sacred Terms

thrantor /θran.tor/: mountain range; Natural World, Landforms

thren /θren/: observation, watching; Sacred Terms, Perception; Proto-Hick *threnu

thren-'er /θren.ʔer/: to watch/observe (verbal form); thren + -'er (verbalizer)

tir /tir/: two; Number System; Proto-Hick *tiru; From basic form

tir'er /tir.ʔer/: to wince; Bodily Functions; fermentation; Process Terms; Proto-Hick *tir

tor /tor/: height, peak; See Augmentative Prefix; Natural World, Landforms; Proto-Hick *toru

toran /to.ran/: river, flowing water; Natural World, Water Features; Proto-Hick *ranu

torba /tor.ba/: goat; Shows metaphorical extension linking goats to mountains and paternal authority; Fauna, Animals, Pastoral Terms

toreldal /to.rel.dal/: High Elf; Shows cultural perception of High Elves through augmentative prefix; Peoples, Cultural Terms, Sacred Terms; From first elven migration period, uses native augmentative to distinguish High Elves

toren /to.ren/: horse; Shows semantic extension through size metaphor; Animals

torken /tor.ken/: snow-peak, snow-capped mountain; Landforms, Weather Terms

torlambe /tor.lam.be/: High Elven (Quenya); Formal term for High Elven language; Language Terms, Eldrim Terms; Shows parallel formation to toreldal 'High Elf'

tornes /tor.nes/: whale; Animals; tor-nes

torthil /tor.θil/: arrogance, haughtiness; Abstract Concepts, Emotional Terms; Shows ironic compound formation - excessive virtue becoming a flaw

torulbres /to.rul.bres/: north wind; Original term for north wind, later often replaced by eldalulbres; Weather Terms, Directional Terms

trask /trask/: leg; Body Parts; Proto-Hick *tarasaku

tre /tre/: wagon, cart; Vehicle Terms; Proto-Hick *mataru; Back-formed through reanalysis of ma- as plural prefix

ul /ul/: thumb; Body Terms, Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *ʔulu; Original root (~800 PF) had meanings 'thumb/grasp/possession'. By Late Proto-Hick (~400 PF), bare form specialized to 'thumb/possession'. Source of possessive suffix -ul through grammaticalization.

-ul /ul/: possessive marker; grammaticalized possessive suffix

ul'er /ul.ʔer/: to grasp; ul + -'er (verbalizer)

uran /u.rən/: inch (unit of length, approximately thumb-width); Measurement Terms, Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *ulu-haranu; Shows development of measurement system from body parts

us /us/: grasp, possession; Basic Terms, Action Terms; Proto-Hick *ʔulu-isu; Developed from locative form of *ʔulu (~400 PF) specializing in 'grasp' meaning

us'er /us.ʔer/: to possess,to own; us + -'er (verbalizer)

val /val/: valley, water-cut lowland; Natural World, Landforms; Proto-Hick *valu

ven /ven/: yoke, burden; Basic Terms, Tool Terms; Proto-Hick *venu; Reintroduced from dialect after original *venu developed into vin

vin /vin/: pregnancy; Body Terms, Sacred Terms; Proto-Hick *venu; Maritime standard form. Inland dialects preserve venu-sedu > vinused

vinlas /vin.las/: fetus, unborn child; Person Terms, Body Terms, Life Stages; Shows lexicalization of case marking spatial relationship

vinok /vi.nok/: baby, infant; Person Terms, Kinship Terms, Life Stages; Shows semantic extension from agentive to resultative meaning

vinud /vi.nud/: building, dwelling; Structure Terms, Settlement Terms, Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *venu-wudu; Semantic shift from 'wood structure' to 'dwelling'

vinud'er /vi.nu.dʔer/: to build, to dwell; vinud + -'er (verbalizer)

vinuiter /vi.nu.i.ter/: to give birth; Verbal Terms, Sacred Terms; Lexicalized from ellative case

vinusak /vi.nu.sak/: dog; Basic term for domesticated canines; Animals, Domestic Animals; domesticated wolf; Technical/historical sense reflecting origin; Animals, Domestic Animals; Shows recognition of dogs as domesticated wolves through compound formation

vinusak'er /vi.nu.sak.ʔer/: to hunt with dogs; vinusak + -'er (verbalizer)

vinusam /vi.nu.sam/: shoulder; Body Parts; Proto-Hick *vinu xasamu

wad /wad/: path; Basic Terms; way, manner; Extended metaphorical meaning; Sacred, Philosophical Terms, Abstract Concepts; Proto-Hick *wadu

wak /wak/: breast; Body Parts; Proto-Hick *waka

wak'ai /wak.ʔai/: milk; Body Parts, Food & Drink

wak'eth /wak.ʔeθ/: to nurse; Body Parts, Basic Actions

wakat /wa.kət/: nipple; Body Parts

ward /ward/: direction, guidance; Base nominal form; Basic Terms, Sacred; Proto-Hick *wardu

ward-'er /war.dʔer/: to guide/direct (verbal form); ward + -'er (verbalizer)

wen /wen/: flower; Flora, Plant Terms

wenkulok /wen.ku.lok/: sorceress; Neutral/respectful term for female magic user; Magic Terms, Professional Terms; Shows regularization of gender marking in professional terms

wes /wes/: cover, enclose; Basic Terms; Proto-Hick *wesu

wud /wud/: wood, tree; Flora, Timber Terms, Plant Terms

wudlambe /wud.lam.be/: Wood Elven (Sindarin); Common term for Wood Elven language; Language Terms, Eldrim Terms; Parallels edel 'Wood Elf', most common Elven contact language