Proto-Hick Lexicon

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Basic Vocabulary

*heru

action

Note: Source of Early Hick 'ir and verbalizer suffix -'er

*taku

strike, impact

Note: Onomatopoeic origin. Source of Early Hick tak

*xasamu

rest, resting place

Note: Source of Early Hick asam and subessive case marker -asam

*baha

rhythmic head motion

Note: Source of Early Hick ba "nod, agree"

*haka

what

Note: Basic question root, shows archaic animacy marking. Source of Early Hick 'aka

*hi-halu

good, kind

Note: Shows animacy prefix*hi-. Source of Early Hick 'il

*venu

yoke, burden

Note: Source of Early Hick ven and vin "pregnancy"

*storu

grow; and

Note: Source of Early Hick ru "and" through grammaticalization

*takutaku

rhythm

Note: Onomatopoeic reduplication. Source of Early Hick takutak

Flora & Fauna

*risu

reed

Note: Source of Early Hick ris

*wudu

wood, tree

Note: Source of Early Hick wud

*grasu

grass

Note: Source of Early Hick gras

*sedu

seed

Note: Source of Early Hick sed

*kelu

leaf

Note: Source of Early Hick kel

*bahu lu-haranu

branch

Note: Literally "split from father". Source of Early Hick bran

*hasa

vine

Note: Source of Early Hick asa

*wenu

flower

Note: Source of Early Hick wen

Body Parts

*tagu

hand

Note: Source of Early Hick tag

*melisu

heart

Note: Source of Early Hick mes

*daluku

stomach, gut

Note: Source of Early Hick dak

*piru

ear

Note: Source of Early Hick pir

*karu

nose

Note: Source of Early Hick kar

*kraku

tooth

Note: Source of Early Hick krak

*kunu

knee

Note: Source of Early Hick kun

*sulu

liver

Note: Source of Early Hick sul

*kolu

neck

Note: Source of Early Hick kol

*retu

arm

Note: Source of Early Hick ret

*tarasaku

leg

Note: Source of Early Hick trask

*waka

breast

Note: Source of Early Hick wak

Numbers and Counting

*senu

one

Note: Source of Early Hick sin

*tiru

two

Note: Source of Early Hick tir

*thalu

three

Note: Source of Early Hick thal

*xanu-inu

four

Note: Source of Early Hick anin. Shows counting form suffix

*pilu

five

Note: Source of Early Hick pil

*seku

six

Note: Source of Early Hick sek

*pran-inu

seven

Note: Source of Early Hick pran. Shows counting form suffix

*kresu

eight

Note: Source of Early Hick kres

*sin-kresu

nine

Note: Source of Early Hick sinkres. Literally "one-eight"

*tir-kresu

ten

Note: Source of Early Hick tirkres. Literally "two-eight"

*kethu

hundred

Note: Source of Early Hick keth

*thran-inu

thousand

Note: Source of Early Hick thran. Shows counting form suffix

Kinship Terms

*bahu

father

Note: Source of Early Hick ba

*nahi

mother

Note: Source of Early Hick nai

*meru

parent

Note: Source of Early Hick mer. Shows metaphorical extension from bird terminology

*li-su

child

Note: Source of Early Hick lis. Literally "little one"

Natural Elements

*brisu

heat, fire

Note: Source of Early Hick bris. Forms compounds for passion/emotion

*miru

cold

Note: Source of Early Hick mir

*ai

water

Note: Source of Early Hick ai. Maintains form in compounds

*haru

air, sky

Note: Source of Early Hick thir. Shows semantic extension to "elder"

*gralu

earth, soil

Note: Source of Early Hick gral. Forms sacred compounds

Demonstratives

*'isa

this (proximal-visible-animate)

Note: Source of Early Hick -'is

*isa

this (proximal-visible-inanimate)

Note: Source of Early Hick -is

*tana

that (medial-visible-animate)

Note: Source of Early Hick -tan

*ena

that (medial-visible-inanimate)

Note: Source of Early Hick -en

*etha

that (medial-hidden-animate)

Note: Source of Early Hick -eth

*thira

that (medial-hidden-inanimate)

Note: Source of Early Hick -thir

*uma

that (distal-animate)

Note: Source of Early Hick -um

*urum

that (distal-inanimate)

Note: Source of Early Hick -rum

Emotional and Mental Terms

*hibrisu

fire, passion

Note: Source of Early Hick sibris "romantic love"

*meru-risu

heart-towards

Note: Source of Early Hick meris "unconditional love"

*daluku-isa-hihasa

snake-in-vine

Note: Source of Early Hick dakisa "infatuation". Shows metaphorical extension

*hi-meru

good-heart

Note: Source of Early Hick 'imer "life". Shows animacy prefix

Derivational Elements

*toru

great (augmentative)

Note: Source of Early Hick tor-. Forms compounds for large entities

*lisu

small (diminutive)

Note: Source of Early Hick li-. Forms compounds for small entities

*kasa

like, similar to

Note: Source of Early Hick ka-. Develops into general adjectivizer

*oku

agent, doer

Note: Source of Early Hick -ok. Forms agent nouns

Sacred and Ritual Terms

*thralu

sacred, holy

Note: Source of Early Hick thral. Forms compounds for ritual spaces

*kulu

magic, supernatural power

Note: Source of Early Hick kul. Used in ritual contexts

*hi-meru-thiru

good-heart-air

Note: Source of Early Hick 'imerithir "spirit". Shows animacy prefix and compound formation

Negative Terms

*'imru

evil, abstract negativity

Note: Source of Early Hick im. Forms compounds for harmful concepts

*hi-muru

evil force (animate)

Note: Source of Early Hick 'imur. Shows animacy prefix

*imur-malu

evil-pool

Note: Source of Early Hick imurmal "cursed waters". Shows compound formation

Tactile Properties

*kasa-garu

stone-like

Note: Source of Early Hick kagar "hard". Shows similative formation

*kasa-waka

breast-like

Note: Source of Early Hick kawak "soft". Shows cultural metaphor

*brisu

heat

Note: Source of Early Hick bris. Forms temperature terms

*miru

cold

Note: Source of Early Hick mir. Forms temperature terms

Action Terms

*haranu

split, divide

Note: Source of Early Hick haran. Shows regular final vowel loss

*wardu

direct, guide

Note: Source of Early Hick ward. Forms compounds for travel terms

*gnaru

correct

Note: Source of Early Hick gnar

*etilu

thing

Note: Source of Early Hick etil. Basic term for inanimate objects

*xaru

cut

Note: Source of Early Hick ar. Shows initial fricative loss

*xaru-uma

cut-towards

Note: Source of Early Hick arum "sketch, draw" through semantic extension

*heru-lumuru

act-empty

Note: Source of Early Hick 'irur "hollow" through compound fusion

*heru lu xiru

move through ore

Note: Source of Early Hick 'ihir "mine". Shows development of mining terminology

Motion Terms

*baraku

walking, gait

Note: Source of Early Hick barak

*senu

float

Note: Source of Early Hick sin. Forms compounds for aerial motion

*paru-heru

belly-motion

Note: Source of Early Hick par "crawl" through compound reduction

Speech and Sound Terms

*bresu-belu

shout-mouth

Note: Source of Early Hick bresubel "shout, yell"

*'uhu-'uhu

cry (onomatopoeic)

Note: Source of Early Hick 'u'u. Shows reduplication pattern

Maritime Terms

*mater

boat

Note: Source of Early Hick mater and compounds like materok "boatman"

Learning Terms

*hilisu

sight, knowledge

Note: Source of Early Hick hilis/ilis. Shows dialectal variation

Position Terms

*hi-reku

stand, firmness

Note: Source of Early Hick 'irek "stand, firmness". Shows animacy prefix

Construction Terms

*venu-wudu

burden-wood

Note: Source of Early Hick vinud "building, dwelling"

Animal Terms

*muru-meru

night-bird

Note: Source of Early Hick murmer. Shows reduplication pattern

*saku

wolf

Note: Source of Early Hick sak

*graparu

worm

Note: Source of Early Hick grapar

Time Terms

*thralu

day, sacred time

Note: Source of Early Hick thral. Forms compounds for ritual periods

Container Terms

*'irur

hollow, container

Note: Source of Early Hick 'irur. Forms compounds for gifts and vessels

Compound Elements

*ma-

plural marker

Note: Source of Early Hick ma-. Develops into collective marker

*hi-

animacy prefix

Note: Source of Early Hick glottal stop ('). Marks animate beings

*-isu

locative suffix

Note: Source of Early Hick -is. Forms place terms

*-inu

counting form suffix

Note: Source of Early Hick -in. Used in number formation

Compound Terms

*hi-etilu

animate-thing

Note: Source of Early Hick 'etil "living thing". Shows animacy prefix

*venu-sedu

burden-seed

Note: Source of Early Hick vinused "pregnancy" in inland dialects

*telu-himeru

end-life

Note: Source of Early Hick temer "death" through compound reduction

Maritime and Water Terms

*malu

pool, standing water

Note: Source of Early Hick mal. Forms compounds for water features

Person Terms

*hi-meru-thiru

good-heart-air

Note: Source of Early Hick 'imerithir "spirit". Shows animacy prefix and compound formation

*'alu

person

Note: Source of Early Hick 'al. Shows animacy prefix retention

Compound Elements

*lu

genitive marker

Note: Source of Early Hick possessive constructions. Shows grammaticalization

*-asa

perlative case

Note: Source of Early Hick -as. Used in motion compounds

*-itar

superessive case

Note: Source of Early Hick -itar. Used in position terms

*-las

illative case

Note: Source of Early Hick -las. Used in motion compounds

*-imris

ellative case

Note: Source of Early Hick -imris. Used in motion compounds

Bird Terms

*murmer

owl

Note: Source of Early Hick murmer. Shows reduplication pattern