Early Hick Lexicon

The Early Hick lexicon, as attested, consists of mostly noun forms. These nouns can represent a wide range of meanings, including actions, properties, or relationships, which are traditionally the domain of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in other languages.

For grammatical information and language overview, see Early Hick.

Historical Sound Changes

For Proto-Hick vowel harmony and its development into Early Hick, see: Proto-Hick Phonological Processes

For stress-related vowel changes, see: Vowel Allophony

Usage Notes

Cross-references are marked with →
Etymologies are shown in parentheses
Compound derivations are marked with <
Example sentences show full morphological analysis
Apostrophes (') are used to transcribe glottal stops in phonemic transcriptions

Action Terms

Basic Actions

'ir [ʔir] : action : Proto-Hick *heru → 'ir : (initial fricative change, final vowel loss) : Note: Source of verbalizer suffix -'er through grammaticalization. Forms basic verb 'ir'er "to do"

tag'er [tag.ʔer] : to make, to craft : tag-'er "hand-VERB" → tag'er :(compound fusion) : Note: Shows concrete development from manual action to general creation. Contrasts with abstract 'ir'er "to do". See: Body Parts

Physical Actions

tak [tak] : strike, impact : touch, contact : Proto-Hick *taku → tak (final vowel loss) : Note: Onomatopoeic origin

krantak [kran.tak] : to pierce, stab : kran-tak "spike-strike" → krantak : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows instrumental compound formation - striking with a spike. See: Basic Actions, Weapon Terms

krak'er [krak.ʔer] : to bite < krak-'er "tooth-VERB" → krak'er : (verbalizer suffix)

siltak [sil.tak] : touch, tactile sensation : sil-tak "skin-contact" → siltak : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows development of tactile terms from body part compounds. Contrasts with plain tak'er for forceful contact. See: Body Terms, Sensation Terms

siltak'er [sil.tak.ʔer] : to touch, to feel : siltak-'er "skin.contact-VERB" → siltak'er : (verbalizer suffix) : Note: Primary verb for tactile sensation. Developed to disambiguate from tak'er "to hit" after sound merger of taku andtahaku. See: Body Terms, Sensation Terms

'ilisal [ʔi.li.sal] : visit (a place); experience personally; confirm via experiment : Proto-Hick 'ilis-'al "knowledge-person" → 'ilisal : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows semantic development from "knowledge-person" to active experiential learning. Forms verb 'ilisal'er "to visit, to experience firsthand". See: Mental Terms, Action Terms

aiesp [ai.esp] : bathe, immerse in water : ai-esp "water-under" → aiesp : (case lexicalization) : Note: Shows lexicalization of subessive case marking into a basic verb. Forms verb aiesp'er "to bathe". Contrasts with ailas'er "to enter water" (illative) and aiimris'er "to exit water" (ellative). : See: Water Features, Motion Terms

Perceptual Actions

thren [θren] : watch, observe : Proto-Hick *threnu → thren : (final vowel loss) : Note: Basic perception verb

hilis [hi.lis] : sight, active vision : Proto-Hick *hilisu → hilis : (final vowel loss) : Note: Forms two contrasting verbs: : - hilis'er "to look" (active/ ntional seeing) : - his'er "to see" (passive/unintentional perception)

pir'er [pir.ʔer] : to listen : pir-'er "ear-VERB" → pir'er : (compound fusion) : Note: Active perception verb. See: Body Parts

pirlas'er [pir.las.ʔer] : to hear : pir-las-'er "ear-ILL-VERB" → pirlas'er : (compound fusion) : Note: Passive perception verb using illative to mark reception of sound. Contrasts with active pir'er "listen". See: Body Parts

kar'er [kar.ʔer] : to smell : kar-'er "nose-VERB" → kar'er : (verbalizer suffix)

Motion Actions

'ir [ʔir] : movement, motion;action : Proto-Hick *heru → 'ir : (initial fricative change, final vowel loss) : Note: Source of verbalizer suffix -'er through grammaticalization

'irur [ʔi.rur] : repetition, again : Proto-Hick heru-heru → 'irur : (initial fricative change, compound reduction) : Note: From reduplicated form ofheru "action". Forms grammaticalized iterative marker -rur/-ur through phonological reduction

sinas [si.nas] : play; drift, passage : Proto-Hick *senu-asa-u → sinas : (final vowel loss, compound fusion) : Note: From *senu "float" + *asa (PERL) + *u (NOM), literally "floating through" : Primary meaning: "play", connected to free movement : Secondary meaning: "drift", related to play

barak [ba.rak] : walking, gait : Proto-Hick *baraku → barak : (final vowel loss) : Note: Forms verb barak'er "to walk" with -'er suffix

mabarak [ma.ba.rak] : march, collective walking : ma-barak → mabarak : (compound fusion) : Note: From plural marker + "walk", forms verb mabarak'er "to march". See also barak "walk"

sin [sin] : floating : Proto-Hick *senu → sin : (final vowel loss) : Note: Forms verb sin'er "to float". See also Maritime Terms

dak [dak] : snake : Proto-Hick *daluku → dak : (medial liquid loss, vowel reduction) : Note: From root meaning "slither", forms verb dak'er "to slither"

norath [no.raθ] : to ride (a mount) : Eldrim nortʰa "to make run" → norath : (borrowed term) : Note: Early borrowing from Eldrim, shows cultural contact predating widespread horse domestication. : See: Animal Terms, Motion Actions

trask'er [tras.kʔer] : to run : trask-'er "leg-VERB" → trask'er : (verbalizer suffix) : Note: Shows typical body part → action semantic extension. Forms common compounds: istrask'er "run out", lastrask'er "run in". : See: Motion Actions, Body Parts

sinthir [sin.θir] : fly : sin-thir "float-air" → sinthir : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows metaphorical extension of floating motion to aerial movement. : See: Motion Actions, Basic Terms

par [par] : crawl : Proto-Hick *paru-heru "belly-motion" → par : (compound reduction) : Note: Shows semantic development from "belly-motion" to general "crawl". Forms compounds like parlis "crawler" (child/baby). See: Motion Terms, Body Terms taglas [tag.las] : take, receive : tag-las "hand-ILL" → taglas : (case lexicalization) : Note: Shows common pattern of illative case marking motion into hand. Contrasts with tagimris "give". See: Motion Terms, Body Terms

tagimris [tag.im.ris] : give : tag-imris "hand-ELL" → tagimris : (case lexicalization) : Note: Shows common pattern of ellative case marking motion from hand. Contrasts with taglas "take". See: Motion Terms, Body Terms

Bodily/Life Actions

vinuimris [vi.nu.im.ris] : to give birth : vinu + imris (ELL) → vinuimris : (case lexicalization)

venuiter [ve.nu.i.ter] : to give birth : venu-iter "burden-ELL.DIAL" : (dialectal case) : Note: Inland dialect form preserved in formal greetings, showing retention of older forms away from maritime influence : Note: Sacred term for childbirth

murvinuiter [mur.vi.nu.i.ter] : to abort : mur + vinuiter → murvinuiter : (compound fusion) : Note: Literally "from night-birth" bresubel [bre.su.bel] : shout, yell : Proto-Hick *bresu-belu "shout-mouth" → bresubel : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows typical compound formation with body part term. Forms verb bresubel'er "to shout". Contrasts with 'u'u for softer vocalizations. See: Sound Terms, Body Terms

Consumption Actions

gras [gras] : grass : Proto-Hick *grasu → gras : (final vowel loss) : Note: Forms verb gras'er "to graze", typically of animals feeding

ter [ter] : flow, fluid motion : Proto-Hick *teru → ter : (final vowel loss) : Note: Forms verb ter'er "to drink". Flow meanings use directional affixes instead

sinibel [si.ni.bel] : taste : sin-ibel "float-tongue" → sinibel : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows metaphorical extension of floating motion to sensory perception : See: Taste Terms, Body Parts

Position/Stance Actions

'irek [ʔi.rek] : stand; firmness : Proto-Hick *hi-reku → 'irek : (initial fricative change) : Note: Shows archaic animacy prefix, forms verb 'irek'er "to stand"

asamitar [a.sa.mi.tar] : to sit, rest upon : asam-itar "rest-SUPER" → asamitar : (case lexicalization) : Note: From asam "rest, resting place" with superessive case, literally "rest upon". Shows common pattern of case suffixes becoming lexicalized into verbs. : See: Position/Stance Actions, Basic Terms

asamasam [a.sa.ma.sam] : to lie down : asam-asam "rest-SUBE" → asamasam : (case lexicalization) : Note: From asam "rest" with subessive case -asam, literally "rest downward". Shows parallel formation to asamitar "sit". : See: Position/Stance Actions

Magical/Sacred Actions

kul'er [kul.ʔer] : to perform magic : kul + -'er → kul'er : (verbalizer suffix) : Note: Used in ritual contexts

Emotional/Mental Actions

sibris [si.bris] : romantic love : Proto-Hick *hibrisu "fire" → sibris : (initial fricative change) : Note: Metaphorical extension from "fire" to "passion/love" : See: Sacred Terms, Abstract Concepts

meris [me.ris] : unconditional love : Proto-Hick *meru-risu → meris : (compound fusion) : Note: From "heart-towards", metaphorical extension to deep, lasting emotional bond. Shows archaic lative case usage. : See: Abstract Concepts, Case System

gnater [gna.ter] : desire : gnar-ter "correct-flow" → gnater : (compound fusion) : Note: Forms grammaticalized desiderative suffix -nat through phonological reduction : See: Basic Terms, Grammatical Terms

'ilis [ʔi.lis] : knowledge : dialectal borrowing with animacy prefix : Note: Borrowed alongside hilis, shows stative/abstract development of perception root : Forms agent noun 'ilisok "teacher"

'ilisimris'er [ʔi.li.sim.ris.ʔer] : to teach : 'ilis-imris "knowledge-ELL" → 'ilisimris'er : (case lexicalization) : Note: Literally "to cause knowledge to go out from", showing productive use of ellative for causative meanings. Forms agent noun 'ilisimrisok "teacher"

imlis [im.lis] : fear, dread : im-lis "evil-see" → imlis : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows semantic development from "seeing evil" to general fear. Forms verb imlis'er "to fear". Contrasts with hilis "sight" and 'ilis "knowledge" : See: Emotional Terms, Perception Terms

imasam [i.ma.sam] : to cower, hide from fear : im-asam "evil-rest" → imasam : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows metaphorical extension of "resting under" to fearful hiding. Forms agent noun imasamok "coward" : See: Emotional Terms, Position Terms

imlisrur [im.lis.rur] : anxiety, constant fear : imlis-rur "fear-ITER" → imlisrur : (iterative suffix) : Note: Shows semantic extension of iterative aspect to ongoing mental state. Forms verb imlisrur'er "to be anxious". Contrasts with acute imlis "fear" : See: Mental States, Emotional Terms

imlis'er [im.li.sʔer] : to flee, run from fear : imlis-'er "fear-VERB" → imlis'er : (verbalizer suffix) : Note: Shows development of fear emotion to motion verb. Contrasts with neutral trask'er "run (neutral)" : See: Motion Verbs

imlisitar [im.li.si.tar] : to flinch, startle : imlis-itar "fear-SUPE" → imlisitar : (case lexicalization) : Note: Shows development of superessive case to indicate sudden upward motion : See: Motion Verbs, Case System

'u'u ['u.'u] : cry, weep (in sorrow/pain) : Proto-Hick *'uhu-'uhu "cry" (onomatopoeic) : Note: Shows regular loss of medial -h-. Preserves glottal stops from PH. Reduplicated form suggesting continuous sobbing/crying. Often intensified through additional reduplication. See: Emotion Terms, Sound Terms

Construction/Dwelling Actions

vinud [vi.nud] : building, dwelling; home : Proto-Hick *venu-wudu → vinud : (compound fusion) : Note: From 'burden' + 'wood', forms verb vinud'er "to build, to dwell"

Tool/Craft Actions

ar [ar] : cut, cutting action : Proto-Hick *xaru → ar : (initial fricative loss, final vowel loss) : Note: Forms verb ar'er "to cut"

arum [a.rum] : sketch; draw : Proto-Hick *xaru-uma → arum : (initial fricative loss, compound fusion) : Note: From "cut" with archaic allative case, showing semantic extension from physical cutting to artistic marking

'irur [ʔi.rur] : hollow : Proto-Hick *heru-lumuru → 'irur : (compound fusion) : Note: Derived from "act of emptying," reflecting the concept of hollowness

'ihir [ʔi.hir] : mine; vein of minerals/metals : Proto-Hick *heru lu xiru → 'ihir : (compound fusion) : Note: Literally "move through ore", shows development of specialized mining terminology, reanalyzed as place where mining occurs due to nominal form

Conflict Actions

imwes [im.wes] : invade, encroach upon : im-wes "evil-enclose" → imwes : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows productive use of im- prefix for harmful actions. Forms verb imwes'er : See: Action Terms, Conflict Terms

Core Semantic Fields

Basic Terms

haran [ha.ran] : split, divide : Proto-Hick *haranu → haran : (final vowel loss, stress shift) : See: Proto-Hick Phonological Processes

ward [ward] : direct, guide; travel with : Proto-Hick *wardu → ward : (final vowel loss) : See: Sacred Terms

tak [tak] : strike, impact; : touch, contact : Proto-Hick *taku → tak : (final vowel loss) : Note: Onomatopoeic origin; directional sense from cultural association with dominant striking hand : See: Directional Terms

stor [stor] : grow; add, increment : Proto-Hick *storu → stor : (final vowel loss) : Note: Mathematical sense developed from basic meaning "grow" : See: Sacred Terms

'imer [ʔi.mer] : life : Proto-Hick *hi-mer → 'imer : (animacy prefix) : See: Spirit Terms

temer [te.mer] : death : Proto-Hick *telu-himeru → temer : (compound reduction) : Note: Literally "end of life" : See: Spirit Terms, Sacred Terms

istor [is.tor] : growth (living) : Proto-Hick *hi-storu → istor : (initial sibilant loss, final vowel loss) : See: Sacred Terms

gnar [gnar] : correct : Proto-Hick *gnaru → gnar : (final vowel loss) : See: Sacred Terms

etil [e.til] : thing : Proto-Hick *etilu → etil : (final vowel loss) : See: Basic Terms

maetil [ma.e.til] : many things; everything : ma-etil "PLURAL-thing" → maetil : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows semantic extension from plural marker to universal quantifier. Forms compounds like maetiltak "all-strike" (complete action). See: Basic Terms, Quantifiers

'etil [ʔe.til] : living thing : Proto-Hick *hi-etilu → 'etil : (animacy prefix) : Note: Shows animacy marking through glottal prefix : See: Spirit Terms, Sacred Terms

'il [ʔil] : good, kind : Proto-Hick *hi-halu → 'il : (initial fricative change, vowel coalescence) : Note: Shows archaic animacy marking through glottal prefix : See: Sacred Terms, Basic Terms

ven [ven] : yoke, burden : Proto-Hick *venu → ven : (final vowel loss) : See: Basic Terms, Tool Terms

vin [vin] : pregnancy : Proto-Hick *venu "yoke" → vinu : (compound reduction) : Inland dialects use vinused < *venu-sedu "burden-seed" : See: Body Parts, Sacred Terms

pak [pak] : poke : Proto-Hick *paku → pak : (final vowel loss) : See: Tool Terms

asam [a.səm] : rest, resting place : Proto-Hick *xasamu : Note: Shows regular voiced glottal fricative loss. Source of subessive case marker -asam "under, beneath" through metaphorical extension of "resting place" : See: Body Parts for compound vinusam "shoulder"

wes [wes] : cover, enclose : Proto-Hick *wesu → wes : (final vowel loss) : Note: Basic term for enclosure/covering. Forms compounds for containers : Examples: : - wes'er "to cover, enclose" (with verbalizer -'er) : - kawes "enclosed" (with adjectival ka-)

ewes [e.wes] : together with; together : Proto-Hick ʔelu-lawes → ewes : (compound fusion) : Note: From instrumentalʔelu "by means of" + *lawes "consume", showing semantic development from "consuming with" to general accompaniment : Functions both as pre-absolutive adverbial marker and independent lexical item : See: Basic Terms, Grammatical Terms

'ibri ['ib.ri] : excrement, manure : Proto-Hick *'ibari → 'ibri : (vowel loss) : Note: Basic term for excrement. Forms compounds for agricultural uses : See: Basic Terms, Agricultural Terms

ul [ul] : thumb : grasp : Proto-Hick ʔulu → ul : (initial glottal loss, final vowel loss) : Note: Original rootʔulu (~800 PF) had meanings "thumb/grasp/possession". By Late Proto-Hick (~400 PF), bare form ulu specialized to "thumb/possession", while locative form ulisu took on "grasp" meaning. Early Hick ul preserves "thumb" meaning and grammaticalizes into possessive suffix -ul. See: Body Parts, Grammatical Terms

ul'er [ul.ʔer] : to grasp : ul-'er "thumb-VERB" → ul'er : (verbalizer suffix) : Note: Shows development of thumb meaning to motion verb : See: Motion Verbs

us [us] : grasp, possession : Proto-Hick ʔulu-isu → ulisu → us : (locative suffix, vowel coalescence) : Note: Developed from locative form ofʔulu (~400 PF) specializing in "grasp" meaning. By Early Hick (~100 PF), us maintains both concrete "grasp" and abstract "possession" meanings. Forms verb us'er "to grasp, to own". See: Basic Terms

us'er [us.ʔer] : to possess, to own : us-'er "possess-VERB" → us'er : (verbalizer suffix) : Note: Shows development of grasp meaning to motion verb : See: Motion Verbs

impal [im.pal] : weakness, frailty (lit. "ill-belly") : im-pal "ill-belly" → impal : (compound fusion) : Note: Source of adjective kaimpal "weak". Shows metaphorical extension of belly/gut health to general strength. See: Body Terms, Basic Terms

eltek [el.tek] : compacted, condensed (esp. of soil); shaped from loose material : Proto-Hick *ʔelu-taku → eltek : (compound fusion, final vowel loss) : Note: From phrase "grale 'elu taku" (soil together hit). Shows semantic development from physical action to resultant state. See: Basic Terms, Earth Terms

Basic Properties

kator [ka.tor] : massive, heavy : ka-tor "peak-like" → kator : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows metaphorical extension from height to mass/weight : See: Basic Properties, Landforms

kali [ka.li] : light, small : ka-li "small-like" → kali : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows reanalysis of diminutive prefix as independent root : See: Basic Properties, Augmentative/Diminutive

kapal [ka.pal] : strong, vigorous (lit. "healthy-bellied") : ka-pal "like-belly" → kapal : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows metaphorical extension of belly/gut health to general strength. Contrasts with kaimpal "weak". Forms compounds like kapaltak "strong-strike" (forceful action). See: Body Parts, Basic Terms

kaimpal [ka.im.pal] : weak, feeble (lit. "ill-bellied") : ka-im-pal "like-ill-belly" → kaimpal : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows metaphorical extension of belly/gut health to general strength. Contrasts with kapal "strong" (lit. "healthy-bellied"). See: Body Parts, Basic Terms

kakrak [kak.rak] : sharp, pointed : < ADJ-krak "tooth" : Shows typical adjectival reduplication pattern : See: Body Parts

Gestural Terms

ba [ba] : nod; agree (by nodding) : Proto-Hick *baha "rhythmic head motion" : Note: Shows development from coordinated group gesture. Basic agreement term that preserves rhythmic origin. Often reduplicated for continuous motion. See: Gesture Terms, Group Terms

Derived Terms

temerok [te.me.rok] : killer, murderer; predator : temer-ok "death-AGENT" → temerok : (compound fusion) : Note: Literally "death-bringer". Primary sense of killer/murderer extends to predatory animals. See: Basic Terms, Animal Terms

ven'er [ven.ʔer] : to carry : ven-'er "yoke-VERB" → ven'er : (verbalizer suffix)

venitar [ve.ni.tar] : to lift : ven-itar "yoke-SUPER" → venitar : (superessive case) : Note: Lexicalized from superessive case of "yoke" : See: Verbal Terms

venuiter [vi.nu.i.ter] : to give birth : venu-itar "pregnancy-ELL" → venuiter : (ellative case) : Note: Lexicalized from ellative case of "pregnancy" : See: Verbal Terms, Sacred Terms

kabrast [ka.brast] : skilled with hands : ka-brast "like-dominant.arm" → kabrast : (compound fusion) : Note: Specifically for craft skills requiring hand coordination; does not extend to martial or athletic dexterity : See: Body Parts

brastok [bras.tok] : craftsman : brast-ok "dominant.arm-AGENT" → brastok : (compound fusion) : Note: General term for skilled artisans. Shows cultural link between dominant hand and craft skills : See: Body Parts

litil [li.til] : small thing : li-etil "DIM-thing" → litil : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows productive use of diminutive prefix with basic noun : See: Basic Terms, Augmentative/Diminutive

Conjunctions

ru [ru] : and : Proto-Hick *storu → ru : Note: Grammaticalized from "grow" sense through semantic bleaching : See: Basic Terms

Derived Terms

takutak [ˈta.ku.tək] : rhythm : Proto-Hick *takutaku → takutak : (final vowel loss) : Note: Preserves onomatopoeic reduplication

Interrogatives

Basic Forms

'aka [ʔa.ka] : what : Proto-Hick *haka → 'aka : (initial fricative change) : Note: Basic question root, shows archaic animacy marking

Proximal Forms

'alis [ʔa.lis] : who : 'aka-'al-is "who" (what-person-PROX.ANIM) : Note: Used for visible/known referents and confirmation

'atal [ʔa.tal] : where : 'aka-tal-is "where" (what-place-PROX.INAN)

'atel [ʔa.tel] : when : 'aka-tel-is "when" (what-time-PROX.INAN)

'aker [ʔa.ker] : how : 'aka-'er-is "how" (what-VERB-PROX.INAN)

Medial Forms

'aleth [ʔa.leθ] : who : 'aka-'al-eth "who" (sensed person) : Note: Used for heard/sensed but not seen referents

'ateth [ʔa.teθ] : where : 'aka-tal-eth "where" (sensed location)

'ateleth [ʔe.te.leθ] : when : 'aka-tel-eth "when" (sensed time)

'akereth [ʔa.ke.reθ] : how : 'aka-'er-eth "how" (sensed manner)

Distal Forms

'alum [ʔa.lum] : who : 'aka-'al-um "who" (unknown person) : Note: Default form for seeking new information

'atum [ʔa.tum] : where : 'aka-tal-um "where" (unknown location)

'atelum [ʔe.te.lum] : when : 'aka-tel-um "when" (unknown time)

'akerum [ʔa.ke.rum] : how : 'aka-'er-um "how" (unknown manner)

Abstract Concepts

Moral & Ethical Terms

thil [θil] : virtue, moral; purity : Proto-Hick *halu → thil : (initial fricative change) : Note: Abstract sense developed from basic meaning : See: Sacred Terms, Abstract Concepts

tal [tal] : place, location : < Pre-Hick dialect tal < Proto-Hickhalu "place of cleansing" : (dialectal borrowing) : Note: Borrowed from Pre-Hick dialect where *halu developed spatial meaning. Contrasts with thil "virtue" from same root. Forms many location compounds. See: Spatial Terms, Basic Terms

thid [θid] : truth : Proto-Hick *hawadu "sacred way" → thid : (initial fricativization, medial glide loss) : Note: Shows semantic development from "sacred path" to abstract "truth"

imurud [i.mu.rud] : falsehood : imur-wudu "evil-path" → imurud : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows semantic extension from physical to abstract meaning. See: Sacred Terms, Abstract Concepts

im'ir [im.ʔir] : ill intent, malice : im-'ir "evil-action" → im'ir : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows metaphorical extension of negative prefix with action root. See: Sacred Terms, Abstract Concepts

torthil [tor.θil] : arrogance, haughtiness : tor-thil "great-virtue" → torthil : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows ironic compound formation - excessive virtue becoming a flaw. Forms verb torthil'er "to be arrogant". See: Abstract Concepts, Emotional Terms

Logical Terms

'irek [ʔi.rek] : stand; firmness; truth : Proto-Hick *hi-reku → 'irek : (initial fricative change) : Note: Shows archaic animacy prefix. Semantic extension from physical firmness to abstract truth : See: Sacred Terms, Abstract Concepts

'it [ʔit] : knot (in wood); falsehood : Proto-Hick *xitu → 'it : (initial fricative loss, final vowel loss) : Note: Primary meaning refers to natural knots in wood/lumber. Abstract meaning "falsehood" derives from concept of deviation in wood grain : See: Construction Terms, Abstract Concepts

Vision & Perception

mulis [mu.lis] : dream, vision : Proto-Hick *muruhilisu → mulis : See: Bodily Functions, Sacred Terms

mulisthral [mu.lis.θral] : prophetic dream : mulis-thral → mulisthral : (compound fusion, maintains second element due to sacred term)

mulisim [mu.li.sim] : nightmare : mulis-im → mulisim : (compound fusion)

Emotional Terms

dakisa [da.ki.sa] : infatuation : Proto-Hick *daluku-isa-hihasa → dakisa : (liquid deletion) : (compound reduction) : Note: Literally "snake in the gut"; metaphorical extension for intense desire : See: Body Parts, Sacred Terms

etilsim [e.til.sim] : everything changes/transforms (with resignation) : etil-sim "thing-TRANS" → etilsim : (case lexicalization) : Note: Expresses both inevitable transformation and resignation to it. Often used as response to change or loss. : Example: imerespes etilsim "sleep changes everything, whatever" : See: Abstract Concepts, Philosophical Terms

Sensory Terms

Visual Perception

lis [lis] : eye : Proto-Hick *lisu → lis : (final vowel loss) : See: Body Parts, Sacred Terms

his [his] : see : reintroduced Proto-Hick *hisu "visible/in sight" : Note: Reintroduced to maintain distinction from demonstrative -is : See: Sacred Terms

'ilis [ʔi.lis] : knowledge : PH *lisu dialectal borrowing with animacy prefix : Note: Borrowed alongside hilis, shows stative/abstract development of perception root : Note: From root meaning 'sight', forms verb 'ilis'er "to know"

mulis [mu.lis] : dream, vision : Proto-Hick *muruhilisu → mulis : (compound reduction) : See: Sacred Terms, Abstract Concepts

hisimris [hi.sim.ris] : show : his-imris "sight-ELL" → hisimris : (case lexicalization) : Note: Shows productive use of ellative case for causative meanings. Forms verb hisimris'er "to show". Contrasts with hilis'er "to look" : See: Perception Terms, Action Terms

Auditory Perception

kamer [ka.mer] : bird-like sound : ka-mer "like-bird" → kamer : compound fusion

kasak [ka.sak] : wolf-like howl : ka-sak "like-wolf" → kasak : compound fusion

pir [pir] : ear : Proto-Hick *piru → pir : (final vowel loss) : See: Body Parts

pirlas [pir.las] : hearing : pir-las "ear-ILL" → pirlas : (case lexicalization) : Note: Shows productive use of illative case for reception of sound : See: Body Parts, Case System

Olfactory Perception

kar [kar] : nose : Proto-Hick *karu → kar : (final vowel loss) : See: Body Parts

Physical Sensation

takimris [ta.kim.ris] : to attack, to oppose : tak-imris "strike-ELL" → takimris : (case lexicalization) : Note: Shows productive use of ellative case for outward-directed aggressive action. Contrasts with tak'er for simple striking. Forms compounds like takimrisok "attacker". See: Action Terms, Conflict Terms

krantak [kran.tak] : physical pain : kran-tak "pierce-hit" → krantak : (compound fusion) : Note: Basic term for physical pain/hurt. Shows cultural distinction between physical and emotional pain. Forms verb siltak'er "to feel physical pain". See: Body Terms, Physical States

Taste Perception

bel [bel] : mouth : Proto-Hick *belu → bel : (final vowel loss) : See: Body Parts

bellas [bel.las] : taste (reception) : bel-las "mouth-ILL" → bellas : (case lexicalization) : Note: Shows productive use of illative case for reception of taste : See: Body Parts, Case System

belimris [be.lim.ris] : taste (active) : bel-imris "mouth-ELL" → belimris : (case lexicalization) : Note: Shows productive use of ellative case for active tasting : See: Body Parts, Case System

Sound Terms

tak [tak] : strike, impact; sound : touch, contact : Proto-Hick *taku → tak : (final vowel loss) : Note: Onomatopoeic origin : See: Physical Actions

takutak [ˈta.ku.tək] : rhythm : Proto-Hick *takutaku → takutak : (final vowel loss) : Note: Preserves onomatopoeic reduplication : See: Derived Terms

takimer [ˈta.ki.mɛr] : echo; sound spirit : taku "rhythm" + imer "spirit" → takimer : (compound fusion) : Note: Reflects early animistic understanding of sound phenomena : See: Spirit Terms

Vision & Perception Terms

Basic Terms

lis [lis] : eye : Proto-Hick *lisu → lis : (final vowel loss) : See: Body Parts, Sacred Terms

his [his] : sight : Proto-Hick *hi-lisu → his : liquid deletion : vowel coalescence) : See: Sacred Terms

mulis [mu.lis] : dream, vision : Proto-Hick *muruhilisu → mulis : (compound reduction) : See: Sacred Terms

Derived Terms

his'er [his.ʔer] : to see : his-'er "sight-ACT" → his'er : (verbalizer)

Taste Terms

Basic Tastes

mel [mel] : sweet : Proto-Hick *melu → mel : (final vowel loss) : Note: Associated with ripeness and edibility

kras [kras] : bitter : Proto-Hick *krasu → kras : (final vowel loss) : Note: Used for both taste and metaphorical bitterness

kaketh [ka.keθ] : salty : ka-keth "sea-like" → kaketh : (compound fusion) : Note: Literally "sea-like", shows maritime influence on taste terminology : See: Maritime Terms, Water Features

tir [tir] : sour; wince : Proto-Hick *tilmuru → tilru → tiru → tir : (liquid deletion) : (compound reduction) : (final vowel loss) : Note: Shows semantic connection between taste sensation and facial response

Derived Terms

melter [mel.ter] : honey : mel-ter "sweet-flow" → melter : (compound fusion) : Note: Literally "sweet flow", primary sweetener in Early Hick culture

krasim [kra.sim] : poison : kras-im "bitter-evil" → krasim : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows connection between bitter taste and danger

kakethmal [ka.keθ.mal] : brine pool : kaketh-mal "salty-pool" → kakethmal : (compound fusion) : See: Water Features

Intensity Terms

tormel [tor.mel] : very sweet : tor-mel "great-sweet" → tormel : (compound fusion)

limel [li.mel] : slightly sweet : li-mel "small-sweet" → limel : (compound fusion)

Usage Examples

mel'er [mel.ʔer] : to sweeten : mel-'er "sweet-VERB" → mel'er : (verbalizer suffix)

kras'er [kras.ʔer] : to embitter : kras-'er "bitter-VERB" → kras'er : (verbalizer suffix)

tir'er [tir.ʔer] : to wince; fermentation : tir-'er "sour/wince-VERB" → tir'er : (verbalizer suffix) : Note: Shows connection between taste sensation and involuntary response, as well as the process of fermentation : See: Taste Terms, Bodily Functions, Process Terms

imtir [im.tir] : rot, decay : im-tir "NEG-ferment" → imtir : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows metaphorical extension of fermentation process to negative outcome. Forms verb imtir'er "to rot". See: Process Terms, Food Terms

Food & Consumption Terms

Food Terms

du [du] : meat : Proto-Hick *duha → du : (final vowel loss) : Note: Basic term for animal flesh as food. Forms compounds with other food terms : See: Body Parts for muscle/flesh meanings

duwes [du.wes] : food, nourishment : Proto-Hick *duha-wesu → duwes : (compound fusion, vowel loss) : Note: From *duha-wesu "meat-cover", showing development: : 1. Compound: *duha-wesu "meat-cover" : 2. Fusion: *duhawesu > *duwesu : 3. Final: duwes with extended meaning "food" : Note: Forms verb duwes'er "to eat" : Examples: : - duwes'er "to eat" (with verbalizer -'er) : - duwesimris "from food, because of food" (with ellative case) : - kaduwes "edible" (with adjectival ka-)

mil [mil] : tallow, animal fat : PH melu "liquid" : Note: Shows semantic narrowing from general liquid to specifically rendered animal fat used in food preparation and preservation : See: Body Parts

imtirlis [im.tir.lis] : mushroom : imtir-lis "rot-fruit" → imtirlis : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows cultural understanding of mushrooms as fruits of decay. Forms compounds for edible vs poisonous varieties. : See: Flora Terms, Food Terms

Drink Terms

tirai [ti.rai] : fermented drink : tir-ai "sour-water" → tirai : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows cultural knowledge of fermentation process : See: Taste Terms

melterai [mel.te.rai] : mead : melter-ai "honey-water" → melterai : (compound fusion) : Note: Fermented honey drink : See: Food Terms

Preparation Terms

milai [mi.lai] : rendered fat, oil : mil-ai "fat-water" : Note: Shows parallel formation with tirai "fermented drink"

kirmil [kir.mil] : chest/organ fat : kir-mil "chest-fat" : Note: Prized internal fat used in cooking and preservation

palmil [pal.mil] : belly fat : pal-mil "belly-fat" : Note: Distinct type of fat used in specific food preparations

sulmil [sul.mil] : liver fat : sul-mil "liver-fat" : Note: Highly valued fat deposit, often preserved for medicinal or ritual use

Derived Compounds

milai [mi.lai] : rendered fat, oil : mil-ai "fat-water" : Note: Shows parallel formation with tirai "fermented drink"

terok [te.rok] : drinker; drunkard : ter-ok "flow-AGENT" → terok : (agentive suffix) : Note: One who drinks (professionally or habitually)

duwesok [du.we.sok] : eater, consumer : duwes-ok "eat-AGENT" → duwesok : (agentive marking)

torduwes [tor.du.wes] : feast, great eating : tor-duwes "great-eat" → torduwes : (compound fusion)

duwester [du.wes.ter] : meal time : duwes-ter "eat-flow" → duwester : (compound fusion)

duwesthral [du.wes.θral] : ritual feast : duwes-thral "eat-sacred" → duwesthral : (compound fusion)

duwesimris [du.we.sim.ris] : feed : duwes-imris "food-ELL" → duwesimris : (case lexicalization) : Note: Derived from "duwes" (food) with the ellative case, indicating the act of providing food

murduwes [mur.du.wes] : leftovers : mur-duwes "night-eat" → murduwes : (compound fusion) : Note: Refers to food set aside for fermentation or preservation, metaphorically described as "night-eat," reflecting the practice of using surplus for future consumption

kaduwes [ka.du.wes] : edible : ka-duwes "like-food" → kaduwes : (similarity prefix) : Note: General term for anything that can be eaten. Shows productive use of ka- prefix for potential/capability

Natural World

Elements

ai [ai] : water : Proto-Hick *ahi → ai : (vowel sequences) : See: Maritime Terms, Water Features

gral [gral] : earth, soil : Proto-Hick *gralu → gral : (final vowel loss) : See: Landscape Terms

kel [kel] : sky : Proto-Hick *kelu → kel : (final vowel loss) : See: Time Terms, Colors

thir [θir] : air, wind : Proto-Hick *haru → thir : (final vowel loss) : See: Colors

al [al] : natural rock : Proto-Hick *xalu → halu → al : (initial fricative loss)

gar [gar] : stone, hardness : Proto-Hick *garu → gar :(final vowel loss) : Note: Basic term for stone extends to abstract hardness. Forms gal "man" through metaphorical extension ("hard person"). : See: Landscape Terms, Person Terms

gral [gral] : earth, soil : Proto-Hick *gralu → gral : (final vowel loss)

bris [bris] : heat : Proto-Hick *brisu → bris : (final vowel loss) : Note: Basic term for heat/warmth : See: Elements

brises [bri.ses] : light, illumination : discover, explore : Proto-Hick *brisu-wesu "heat-enclose" → brises : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows metaphorical extension of "embraced heat" to light/illumination. Forms verb brises'er "to shine", further extended of illumination to discovery and exploration : See: Natural Terms, Sacred Terms

dup [dup] : pearl; lump, mass : Proto-Hick *dupu "pearl" → dup : (final vowel loss) : Note: Shows semantic extension from "pearl" to general "rounded mass" : See: Body Terms, Medical Terms

Derived Terms

'ibris [ʔi.bris] : fire : Proto-Hick *hi-brisu → 'ibris : (animacy prefix) : Note: Shows archaic animacy marking through glottal prefix, reflecting cultural view of fire as animate force : See: Sacred Terms, Elements

kagar [ka.gar] : hard : ka-gar "stone-like" → kagar : (compound fusion) : Note: From metaphorical extension of stone : See: Material Terms

Water Features

keth [keθ] : sea : Proto-Hick *keθu → keθ : (final vowel loss) : See: Maritime Terms

mal [mal] : pool, standing water : Proto-Hick *malu → mal : (final vowel loss) : See: Maritime Terms

ran [ran] : stream, flowing water : Proto-Hick *ranu → ran : (final vowel loss) : See: Maritime Terms

bram [bram] : tide, tidal water : Proto-Hick *bramu → bram : (final vowel loss) : See: Maritime Terms, Time Terms

bramal [bra.mal] : tidal pool : bram-mal "tide-pool" → bramal : (nasal deletion) : See: Maritime Terms

toran [to.ran] : river, flowing water : Proto-Hick *ranu → ran : (final vowel loss)

Watel Features

bramulis [bra.mu.lis] : vortex, whirlpool : bram-ul-lis "tide-POSS-eye" → bramulis : (compound fusion, coda simplification) : Note: Literally "tide's eye". Shows coda simplification where final -l of bramul merges with initial l- of lis. See: Maritime Terms, Water Features

Landforms

tor [tor] : height, peak : Proto-Hick *toru → tor : (final vowel loss) : See: Augmentative Prefix

thrantor [θran.tor] : mountain range : thran-tor "thousand peaks" → thrantor : (compound fusion)

val [val] : valley, water-cut lowland : Proto-Hick *valu → val : (final vowel loss)

nagral [na.gral] : black earth : nal-gral "black-earth" → nagral : (liquid deletion)

thragral [θra.gral] : sacred earth : thral-gral "sacred-earth" → thragral : (liquid deletion) : See: Garden Terms

kirtor [kir.tor] : cliff face : kir-tor "chest-height" → kirtor : (compound fusion)

dortor [dor.tor] : back slope : dor-tor "back-height" → dortor : (compound fusion)

palmal [pal.mal] : deep pool : pal-mal "belly-pool" → palmal : (compound fusion)

thalgral [θal.gral] : hillside : thal-gral "side-earth" → thalgral : (compound fusion)

grasgral [gras.gral] : meadow, grassland : gras-gral "grass-earth" → grasgral : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows productive compound formation pattern of flora + landform : See: Flora & Agriculture, Agricultural Terms

'irurbel [ʔi.rur.bel] : cave, cave entrance : 'irur-bel "hollow-mouth" → 'irurbel : (compound fusion) : Note: Basic term for cave openings. Shows common metaphorical extension of "mouth" to mean entrance/opening. Forms compounds for specific types of caves. : See: Landforms, Body Terms

parduwes [par.du.wes] : cavern, cave network : grapar-duwes "worm-consume" → parduwes : (compound reduction) : Note: Literally "worm-eaten," reflecting folk belief about cave formation through the action of great worms eating through mountains. Contrasts with 'irurbel for single caves. : See: Landforms, Mythological Terms

dupgral [dup.gral] : hills, hilly terrain : dup-gral "lump-land" → dupgral : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows typical landform compound formation. Contrasts with tor "peak" and gral "flat land". : See: Landforms

airur [ai.rur] : karst, water-carved limestone terrain : ai-'irur "water-hollow" → airur : (compound fusion, glottal stop loss) : Note: Shows water-landform compound pattern. Describes regions shaped by water erosion, especially limestone areas with caves and sinkholes. : See: Landforms, Water Features

Precipitation

aitar [ai.tar] : rain : ai-tar "water-fall" → aitar : (compound fusion)

bramis [bra.mis] : sea mist, coastal fog : bram-mis "tide-mist" → bramis : (nasal deletion)

miraitar [mi.rai.tar] : cold rain : mir-aitar "cold-rain" → miraitar : (compound fusion)

ken [ken] : snow : < PH *kenu : Forms compounds: torken "snow-peak", kengar "glacier" : Note: Basic term for snow, showing typical development from PH with final vowel loss. Common in mountain-related terminology. : See: Weather Terms, Landscape Terms

Flora & Agriculture

Basic Plant Terms

ris [ris] : reed : Proto-Hick *risu → ris : (final vowel loss)

wud [wud] : wood, tree : Proto-Hick *wudu → wud : (final vowel loss)

gras [gras] : grass : Proto-Hick *grasu → gras : (final vowel loss)

sed [sed] : seed : Proto-Hick *sedu → sed : (final vowel loss)

sar [sar] : leaf : Proto-Hick *saru → sar : (final vowel loss) : Note: Also means "green" from leaf association

bran [bran] : branch : Proto-Hick *bahu lu-haranu → bran : (compound fusion) : (liquid deletion) : Note: Preserved compound with ablative lu- marking

wen [wen] : flower : Proto-Hick *venu -> wenu → wen : (final vowel loss)

asa [a.sa] : vine : Proto-Hick *hasa → asa : (initial fricative loss) : See: Flora & Agriculture

branlis [bran.lis] : tree berries; fruit : bran-lis "branch-child" → branlis : (compound fusion) : Note: Metaphorical extension of "child" to "berries" and "fruit," reflecting cultural view of trees as nurturing figures

'irurlis [ʔi.rur.lis] : gourd; container : 'irur-lis "hollow-fruit" → 'irurlis : (compound fusion) : Note: Combines the concepts of hollowness and fruit, reflecting the physical characteristics of gourds

saresp [sa.resp] : sprout : sar-esp "leaf-under" → saresp : (compound fusion) : Note: Metaphorical extension of hidden leaf beneath; reflects cultural view of growth as emergence from concealment. Forms verb saresp'er "to sprout" : See: Flora & Agriculture

Cultivated Plants

grased [ˈgra.sed] : grain : gras-sed "grass-seed" → grased : (compound fusion)

malris [ˈmal.ris] : water reed : mal-ris "pool-reed" → malris : (compound fusion)

ranris [ˈran.ris] : river reed : ran-ris "stream-reed" → ranris : (compound fusion)

thirwud [ˈθir.wud] : white wood : thir-wud "white-wood" → thirwud : (compound fusion)

marwud [mar.wud] : red wood : mar-wud "red-wood" → marwud : (compound fusion)

asamwen [a.sam.wen] : daffodil : asam-wen "rest-flower" → asamwen : (compound fusion) : Note: Named for characteristic drooping posture of flower head. Forms compounds for specific varieties and seasonal references. See: Flora Terms, Spring Terms

Agricultural Terms

sedgral [sed.gral] : field : sed-gral "seed-earth" → sedgral : (compound fusion)

sedter [sed.ter] : planting time : sed-ter "seed-flow" → sedter : (compound fusion)

granmal [gran.mal] : grain storage : gran-mal "grain-pool" → granmal : (compound fusion)

sedok [se.dok] : planter, farmer : sed-ok "seed-AGENT" → sedok : (compound fusion)

graswad [gras.wad] : pasture path : gras-wad "grass-path" → graswad : (compound fusion)

'ibri ['ib.ri] : excrement, manure : Proto-Hick *'ibari → 'ibri : (vowel loss) : Note: Basic term for excrement. Forms compounds for agricultural uses. See: : Basic Terms, Agricultural Terms

Garden Terms

thragral [θra.gral] : garden : thral-gral "sacred-earth" → thragral : (liquid deletion) : See: Landforms : Note: The dual meaning reflects the sacred nature of cultivated land in Hick culture, where gardens were seen as sanctified spaces

kelwud [kel.wud] : orchard : kel-wud "leaf-wood" → kelwud : (compound fusion)

riswad [ris.wad] : garden path : ris-wad "reed-path" → riswad : (compound fusion)

sedthral [sed.θral] : planting day : sed-thral "seed-sacred" → sedthral : (compound fusion)

Horticulture Terms

wudgral [wud.gral] : orchard : wud-thragral "wood-garden" → compound simplification → wudgral : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows connection between sacred garden and orchard

Derived Terms

kabran [ka.bran] : crooked, leaning : ka-bran "branch-like" → kabran : (compound fusion) : Note: From metaphorical extension of branch growth patterns. Forms common expression kabran 'irek'er "to lean" (lit. "stand crookedly"). :See: Position/Stance Actions

Sacred & Ritual

Basic Terms

tharala [θa.ra.la] : deity : Proto-Hick *harala "deity" → tharala : (partial sound change) : Note: Religious term showing resistance to regular sound changes (only ha- → tha-). Preserved in formal/sacred register. : See: Sacred Terms, Religious Terms

thral [θral] : day; sacred, ritual : Proto-Hick *harala → thral : (final vowel loss) : Note: Resists vowel reduction in compounds See: Time Terms

thren [θren] : watch, observe (ritual) : Proto-Hick *threnu → thren : (final vowel loss) : Note: Maintains [e] in unstressed positions

wad [wad] : path, way : Proto-Hick *wadu → wad : (final vowel loss) : See: Maritime Terms

ward [ward] : direct, guide : Proto-Hick *wardu → ward : (final vowel loss) : See: Maritime Terms

thimer [θi.mer] : spiritual nurturing : Proto-Hick *ha-meru → thimer : (vowel reduction, stress shift) : See: Bird Terms, Kinship Terms : Note: Preserves original nurturing sense in sacred context

mer [mer] : bird; parent : Proto-Hick *meru "nurture, bird" → mer : (final vowel loss) : Note: Dual meaning reflects cultural connection between birds and parenting : See: Bird Terms, Kinship Terms

imthral [im.θral] : evil deity : im-thral "evil-sacred" → imthral : (compound fusion, maintains second element due to sacred term) : See: Sacred Terms

imurthral [i.mur.θral] : cursed day/time : imur-thral "evil.force-sacred" → imurthral : (compound fusion, maintains second element due to sacred term) : See: Time Terms

mulis [mu.lis] : dream, vision : Proto-Hick *muruhilisu → mulis : (compound reduction, final vowel loss) : See: Sacred Terms

Time & Light

mur [mur] : night, darkness : Proto-Hick *muru → mur : (final vowel loss) : See: Bird Terms

thur [θur] : dusk : Proto-Hick *thuru → thur : (final vowel loss)

bran [bran] : dawn; beginning, start : Proto-Hick *branu → bran : (final vowel loss)

thrakel [θra.kel] : sun : thral-kel "sacred-sky" → thrakel : (liquid deletion)

murkel [mur.kel] : night sky : mur-kel "night-sky" → murkel : (compound fusion)

thurkel [θur.kel] : evening sky : thur-kel "dusk-sky" → thurkel : (compound fusion)

brakel [bra.kel] : morning sky : bran-kel "dawn-sky" → brakel : (nasal deletion)

Derived Terms

kathrakel [ka.θra.kel] : radiant, beautiful; color : ka-thrakel "sun-like" → kathrakel : (compound fusion) : Note: From metaphorical extension of thrakel "sun". Shows cultural association between beauty and radiance. : See: Sacred Terms, Abstract Concepts

Material Culture

Metals

ger [ger] : metal : Early Hick kurger "moss-stone" < Proto-Hick *kuru-garu : (compound reduction) : Note: Generalized from copper compound after kur specialized. Shows semantic shift from natural observation (green patina on stones) to material category

kur [kur] : copper : Early Hick kurger "moss-stone" < Proto-Hick *kuru-garu : (compound reduction) : Note: Specialized from first element of copper compound. Original meaning "moss" preserved in inland dialects

ir [ir] : iron : Proto-Hick *xiru "mined ore" → ir : (initial fricative loss, final vowel loss) : Note: Basic term for iron, shows early mining culture

tin [tin] : tin : Proto-Hick *tinu → tin : (final vowel loss)

kurtin [kur.tin] : bronze : kur-tin "copper-tin" → kurtin : (compound fusion)

mar [mar] : rust, red metal : Proto-Hick *maru → mar : (final vowel loss) : See: Colors

grakur [gra.kur] : grey copper : gra-kur "grey-copper" → grakur : (compound fusion)

'ihir [ʔi.hir] : to mine (for ore) : Proto-Hick *heru lu xiru → 'ihir : (compound fusion) : Note: Literally "move through ore", shows development of specialized mining terminology

brismal [bris.mal] : forge : bris-mal "heat-pool" → brismal : (compound fusion) : Note: Native term for forge. See: Tool Terms

tamin [ta.min] : forge, smithy : Quenya tamin "forge" → tamin : (borrowed term) : Note: Direct borrowing of Eldrim technical term. : See: Tool Terms

Minerals

togar [to.gar], toriger [to.ri.ger] : limestone, mountain rock : tor-gar "mountain-bone/rock" → togar : PH tor + PHgaru "mountain-bone/rock" → toriger : (liquid deletion) : Note: Shows semantic extension from visual similarity between bone and limestone. The term gar "bone/rock" likely originated in limestone-rich western regions where the material's resemblance to bone was particularly noticeable. : See: Landscape Terms, Material Terms

asatogar [a.sa.to.gar] : travertine (lit. "vine limestone") : asa-togar "vine-limestone" → asatogar : (compound fusion) : Note: Named for its flowing, vine-like mineral formations. See: Material Terms, Natural World

krakiger [krak.i.ger] : flint, chert : < PH *kraku "tooth" +*garu "rock" : Compound with epenthetic -i- : Note: Names the material for its sharp, tooth-like qualities, following a common cross-linguistic pattern for naming this stone type : See: Material Terms

Container Terms

'irai [ʔi.rai] : waterskin; liquid container : 'irurlis-ai "container-water" → 'irai : (compound reduction) : Note: Shows extreme compound reduction preserving initial and final elements. Forms compounds for specific liquid containers. Contrasts with 'irurlis for general containers. : See: Container Terms, Material Culture

Geographical Terms

asamgral [a.sam.gral] : flatlands, plains : asam-gral "lie-land" → asamgral : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows metaphorical extension from "lying" position to flat terrain. Contrasts with torgral "highlands". See: Landscape Terms, Geographic Terms

'ibrigral [ʔib.ri.gral] : farmlands, cultivated fields : 'ibri-gral "manure-land" → 'ibrigral : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows development from fertilization practice to general agricultural land. Contrasts with wild gral. See: Agricultural Terms, Landscape Terms

Maritime Terms

mater [ma.ter] : vessel, boat : Proto-Hick *mataru-heru → mater : (compound fusion) : Note: From "vehicle-action", specialized for water transport. Unrelated to tre/matre despite similar form. See: Maritime Terms

materok [ma.te.rok] : vessel-guide, boatman : mater-ok "vessel-AGENT" → materok : (compound fusion) : See: Agentive Suffix

rismater [ris.ma.ter] : reed-vessel : ris-mater "reed-vessel" → rismater : (compound fusion)

wudmater [wud.ma.ter] : wood-vessel : wud-mater "wood-vessel" → wudmater : (compound fusion)

brammater [bram.ma.ter] : river-vessel : bram-mater "tide-vessel" → brammater : (compound fusion)

kethmater [keθ.ma.ter] : sea-vessel : keth-mater "sea-vessel" → kethmater : (compound fusion)

Example: materok-el rismater-im-ris keth-es ward-ter boatman-ERG reed.vessel-PROX-ELL sea-ABS direct-to "The boatman takes the reed boat to sea"

matir [ma.tir] : (of vessels) to move through water, travel by water : mater-'ir "vessel-motion" → matir : (compound fusion) : Note: General term for water vessel movement, neutral regarding means of propulsion. Contrasts with specific terms for sailing, rowing, etc. Forms basis for maritime motion compounds. See: Maritime Terms, Motion Terms

rantirduok [ran.tir.du.ok] : pirate, maritime raider : ran-imtirduok "river-scavenger" → rantirduok : (compound fusion) : Note: Originally "river raider", extended to all maritime thieves. Shows compound reduction of imtirduok. See: Maritime Terms, Professional Terms

rantirdu [ran.tir.du] : piracy, maritime raiding : Reanalyzed from rantirduok without agentive -ok : (back formation) : Note: Shows productive back-formation pattern creating abstract nouns from agent terms. Forms verb rantirdu'er "to engage in piracy". See: Maritime Terms, Criminal Terms

Tool Terms

kasger [kas.ger] : obsidian, glass : mirror (esp. polished stone mirror) : kasu-garu "reflection-stone" → kasger : (compound fusion, final vowel loss) : Note: Basic term for reflective stone, especially obsidian. Extended to all glass materials. Shows technological origin in polished stone mirrors and natural volcanic glass. Forms compounds for different types of glass/mirrors. : See: Tool Terms, Stone Terms

gasam [ga.sam] : grinding : gar "rock" + SUBE -asam "under" → gasam : (compound fusion) : Note: Literally "under rock," referring to the action of grinding. Forms the base for specialized grinding terms.

asamgasam [a.sam.ga.sam] : flattening (initial grinding) : asamitar "rest" + gasam "grinding" → asamgasam : (compound fusion) : Note: Literally "rest grinding," referring to the initial flattening process. : See: Tool Terms

aigasam [ai.ga.sam] : wet grinding : ai "water" + gasam "grinding" → aigasam : (compound fusion) : Note: Literally "water grinding," referring to the use of water in the smoothing process. :See: Tool Terms

kasgasam [kas.ga.sam] : lapping (final polishing) : kasger "mirror" + gasam "grinding" → kasgasam : (compound fusion) : Note: Literally "mirror grinding," referring to the final polishing stage to achieve a reflective surface. : See: Tool Terms

Cultural Terms

'iruretil [ʔi.ru.re.til] : gift : 'irur-etil "hollow-thing" → 'iruretil : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows cultural link between containers and proper gifts. Always inanimate. : See: Material Culture

Flora & Fauna

Basic Terms

ris [ris] : reed : Proto-Hick *risu → ris : (final vowel loss)

wud [wud] : wood, tree : Proto-Hick *wudu → wud : (final vowel loss)

gras [gras] : grass : Proto-Hick *grasu → gras : (final vowel loss)

sed [sed] : seed : Proto-Hick *sedu → sed : (final vowel loss)

kel [kel] : leaf : Proto-Hick *kelu → kel : (final vowel loss)

bran [bran] : branch : Proto-Hick *bahu lu-haranu → bran : (lit. "split from father") : (compound fusion) : (liquid deletion) : Note: Preserved compound with ablative lu- marking

asa [a.sa] : vine : Proto-Hick *hasa → asa : (initial fricative loss) : See: Flora & Agriculture

Cultivated Plants

grased [ˈgra.sed] : grain : gras-sed "grass-seed" → grased : (compound fusion)

malris [ˈmal.ris] : water reed : mal-ris "pool-reed" → malris : (compound fusion)

ranris [ˈran.ris] : river reed : ran-ris "stream-reed" → ranris : (compound fusion)

thirwud [ˈθir.wud] : white wood : thir-wud "white-wood" → thirwud : (compound fusion)

marwud [mar.wud] : red wood : mar-wud "red-wood" → marwud : (compound fusion)

Agricultural Terms

sedgral [sed.gral] : field : sed-gral "seed-earth" → sedgral : (compound fusion)

sedter [sed.ter] : planting time : sed-ter "seed-flow" → sedter : (compound fusion)

granmal [gran.mal] : grain storage : gran-mal "grain-pool" → granmal : (compound fusion)

sedok [se.dok] : planter, farmer : sed-ok "seed-AGENT" → sedok : (compound fusion)

graswad [gras.wad] : pasture path : gras-wad "grass-path" → graswad : (compound fusion)

'ibri ['ib.ri] : excrement, manure : Proto-Hick *'ibari → 'ibri : (vowel loss) : Note: Basic term for excrement. Forms compounds for agricultural uses. See: : Basic Terms, Agricultural Terms

Garden Terms

kelwud [kel.wud] : orchard : kel-wud "leaf-wood" → kelwud : (compound fusion)

riswad [ris.wad] : garden path : ris-wad "reed-path" → riswad : (compound fusion)

sedthral [sed.θral] : planting day : sed-thral "seed-sacred" → sedthral : (compound fusion)

Horticulture Terms

wudgral [wud.gral] : orchard : wud-thragral "wood-garden" → compound simplification → wudgral : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows connection between sacred garden and orchard

Animal Terms

aniko [a.ni.ko] : animal (general term) : Proto-Hick *xani-kostu → aniko : (initial fricative loss, compound fusion, final syllable reduction) : Note: Literally "four-legged". Shows semantic extension from descriptive compound to general term. See: Animal Terms, Basic Terms

imtirduok [im.tir.du.ok] : scavenger : imtirdu-ok "cadaver-AGENT" → imtirduok : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows formation pattern of "carrion-eater" common across languages. Applies to both animals and birds. See: Animal Terms

rek [rek] : bark (of dog/wolf) : Proto-Hick *reku → rek : Note: Onomatopoeic origin. Forms verb rek'er "to bark". Common in compounds describing different types of barks/calls. See: Sound Terms, Animal Terms

Animals

nes [nes] : fish : Proto-Hick *nesu → nes : (final vowel loss) : See: Maritime Terms

mer [mer] : bird : Proto-Hick *meru → mer : (final vowel loss) : Note: Cultural connection between birds and parenting roles : See: Sacred Terms, Kinship Terms

pel [pel] : bear : Proto-Hick *pelu → pel : (final vowel loss) : Note: Maintains [e] in compounds

sak [sak] : wolf : Proto-Hick *saku → sak : (final vowel loss)

ren [ren] : deer : Proto-Hick *renu → ren : (final vowel loss)

toren [to.ren] : horse : tor-ren "great-deer" → toren : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows semantic extension through size metaphor : See: Animal Terms

belnes [bel.nes] : mouthed fish : bel-nes "mouth-fish" → belnes : (compound fusion)

kranren [kran.ren] : horned deer : kran-ren "horn-deer" → kranren : (compound fusion)

venmer [ven.mer] : wing bird : ven-mer "wing-bird" → venmer : (compound fusion)

silpel [sil.pel] : hide bear : sil-pel "hide-bear" → silpel : (compound fusion)

thirpel [θir.pel] : fur-bear : thir-pel "fur-bear" → thirpel : (compound fusion)

lisbel [lis.bel] : face : lis-bel "eye-mouth" → lisbel : (compound fusion)

thirren [θir.ren] : winter coat deer : thir-ren "fur-deer" → thirren : (compound fusion)

kirpel [kir.pel] : rearing bear : kir-pel "chest-bear" → kirpel : (compound fusion)

dorren [dor.ren] : pack deer : dor-ren "back-deer" → dorren : (compound fusion)

tornes ['tor.nes] : whale : tor-nes "great-fish" → tornes : (compound fusion, stress shift) : Note: Resists reduction due to sacred associations

tomur ['to.mur] : great owl : tor-mur-mer → tomur : (compound simplification) : Note: Shows liquid deletion and vowel reduction

ketnes [ket.nes] : sea fish : keth-nes "sea-fish" → ketnes : (compound fusion)

ranes [ra.nes] : river fish : ran-nes "stream-fish" → ranes : (compound fusion)

malnes [mal.nes] : pool fish : mal-nes "pool-fish" → malnes : (compound fusion)

kor [kor] : cow : Old Iutlandish kor : Note: Early borrowing showing cultural contact with Iutlandish herders : See: Animal Terms

sumerok [su.me.rok] : goat : gras-'imer-ok "grass-life-AGENT" → sumerok : (compound simplification) : Note: Shows compound reduction and metaphorical extension through agentive marking : See: Animal Terms, Consumption Terms

dak [dak] : snake : Proto-Hick *daluku → dak : (medial liquid loss, vowel reduction) : Note: From root meaning "slither", forms verb dak'er "to slither"

torba [tor.ba] : goat : tor-ba "mountain-father" → torba : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows metaphorical extension linking goats to mountains and paternal authority : See: Landforms, Kinship Terms, Pastoral Terms

grapar [gra.par] : earthworm : gral-par "earth-crawl" → grapar : (liquid deletion) : Note: Shows descriptive compound formation based on movement. Contrasts with other crawling creatures. See: Animals, Earth Terms lik [lik] : dragon : < Eldrim lyg "dragon, snake, drake" : (loanword) : Note: Early borrowing from Eldrim, showing cultural contact and mythological influence. Narrowed from general serpentine being to specific dragon concept. See: Mythological Terms, Borrowed Terms

vinusak [vi.nu.sak] : dog, domesticated wolf : vinud-sak "home-wolf" → vinusak : (compound fusion) : Note: Shows cultural understanding of dogs as domesticated wolves. Forms compounds for specific dog types/roles. Contrasts with sak for wild wolves. See: Animal Terms, Domestic Terms

Bird Terms (Nocturnal)

murmer [mur.mer] : night-bird, owl : Proto-Hick *muru-meru "night-bird" → mur-mer : (vowel loss in compounds)

tomur [to.mur] : great owl, eagle owl : Proto-Hick *toru-muru-meru "great-night-bird" → tor-mur-mer : (vowel loss in compounds) : → tor-mur : (compound simplification) : → tomur : (liquid deletion)

thurmur [θur.mur] : dusk owl : Proto-Hick *thuru-muru-meru "dusk-night-bird" → thur-mur-mer : (vowel loss in compounds) : → thurmur : (compound simplification)

limur [li.mur] : small night-bird, small owl : Proto-Hick *li-muru-meru "small-night-bird" → li-mur-mer : (vowel loss in compounds) : → limur : (compound simplification)

murlis [mur.lis] : night-eye : mur-lis "night-eye" → murlis : (compound fusion)

murkran [mur.kran] : night-horn : mur-kran "night-horn" → murkran : (compound fusion)

Derived Terms

Sacred & Ritual

Basic Terms

thral [θral] : day; sacred, ritual : Proto-Hick *harala → thral : (final vowel loss) : Note: Resists vowel reduction in compounds See: Time Terms

thren [θren] : watch, observe (ritual) : Proto-Hick *threnu → thren : (final vowel loss) : Note: Maintains [e] in unstressed positions

wad [wad] : path, way : Proto-Hick *wadu → wad : (final vowel loss) : See: Maritime Terms

ward [ward] : direct, guide : Proto-Hick *wardu → ward : (final vowel loss) : See: Maritime Terms

thimer [θi.mer] : spiritual nurturing : Proto-Hick *ha-meru → thimer : (vowel reduction, stress shift) : See: Bird Terms, Kinship Terms : Note: Preserves original nurturing sense in sacred context

mer [mer] : bird; parent : Proto-Hick *meru "nurture, bird" → mer : (final vowel loss) : Note: Dual meaning reflects cultural connection between birds and parenting : See: Bird Terms, Kinship Terms

imthral [im.θral] : evil deity : im-thral "evil-sacred" → imthral : (compound fusion, maintains second element due to sacred term) : See: Sacred Terms

imurthral [i.mur.θral] : cursed day/time : imur-thral "evil.force-sacred" → imurthral : (compound fusion, maintains second element due to sacred term) : See: Time Terms

mulis [mu.lis] : dream, vision : Proto-Hick *muruhilisu → mulis : (compound reduction, final vowel loss) : See: Sacred Terms

Time & Light

mur [mur] : night, darkness : Proto-Hick *muru → mur : (final vowel loss) : See: Bird Terms

thur [θur] : dusk : Proto-Hick *thuru → thur : (final vowel loss)

bran [bran] : dawn : Proto-Hick *branu → bran : (final vowel loss)